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REFININGOFCRUDEOILSLIDES

This document provides an overview of crude oil refining. It discusses that crude oil is a complex mixture of over 16,000 hydrocarbons formed from ancient marine life. The composition of crude oil depends on its geological source and can vary over time. Refining separates crude oil into fractions like gasoline, diesel and other products. Key refining processes and specifications for different petroleum products are also outlined.

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Rutuja Pathak
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19 views

REFININGOFCRUDEOILSLIDES

This document provides an overview of crude oil refining. It discusses that crude oil is a complex mixture of over 16,000 hydrocarbons formed from ancient marine life. The composition of crude oil depends on its geological source and can vary over time. Refining separates crude oil into fractions like gasoline, diesel and other products. Key refining processes and specifications for different petroleum products are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Rutuja Pathak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REFINING OF CRUDE OIL

D.Z. Shende
Department of Chemical Engineering
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology,
Nagpur-440010
CRUDE OIL
• FORMED THROUGH ACTION OF
GEOLOGICAL POCESSES ON
REMAINS OF ANCIENT MARINE
LIFE
• COMPLEX MIXTURE OF
HYDROCARBONS
• OVER 16000 COMPOUNDS
IDENTIFIED
• COMPOSITION DEPENDS ON:
•GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
•MIX OF INDIVIDUAL WELLS
•VARIANCE OF WELLS WITH
TIME
PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
 CONTAINS ALL KNOWN
HYDROCARBONS AND NON-
HYDROCARBONS
 DRAWN FROM EARTH, HENCE
CONTAINS IMPURITIES LIKE:
• WATER
• MUD
• SALTS
WHICH GET ASSOCIATED
DURING PRODUCTION AND
TRANSPORATION

MIXTURE OF EIGHT
DIFFERENT HYDROCARBON
FAMILIES

*PARAFFINS
*CYCLOPENTANES
*CYCLOHEXANES
*CYCLOHEPTANES
*DI-CYCLO-PARAFFINS
*BENZENES
*AROMATIC CYCLOPARAFFINS
*DINUCLEAR AND
POLYNUCLEAR
CRUDE TYPES
- BASED ON PROPORTION OF
TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS –
CRUDES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO:
*PARAFFINIC
*NAPHTHENIC
*AROMATIC
-HY DROCARBON CONTENT
-CARBON CONTENT
83 TO 87 %
-HYDROGEN CONTENT
11 TO 14 %
RATIO OF CARBON TO HYDROGEN
INCREASES FROM LOW TO HIGH
MOL.WT.FR.DUE TO INCREASE IN
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS AND
MULTIRING CYCLOPARAFINS IN
THESE HIGHER BOILING
FRACTIONS
VARIOUS FRACTIONS
FROM CRUDE OIL
• OVERHEAD GASES (METHANE,
ETHANE, PROPANE, BUTANE)
• C5 TO 90ºC LIGHT NAPHTHA
• 90 TO 140ºC HEAVY NAPHTHA
• 140 TO 240ºC ATF
• 140 TO 270ºC HEAVY
KEROSENE
•270 TO 340ºC GAS OIL
•340 TO 366ºC JUTE BATCHING OIL

366ºC + FRACTION YIELDS

- VACUUM GAS OILS


- RAW LUBE DISTILLATE
- SHORT RESIDUE
CRUDE ASSAY
• DETERMINS THE CRUDE OIL
QUALITY AND HOW IT IS
REPRESENTED IN
OPTIMISATION MODELS
• INACCURATE CRUDE
CHARACTERISTICS DISTORT
THE PERCEIVED VALUE AND
LEAD TO NON-OPTIMAL CRUDE
SLATES
• MOST REFINERS ASSAY
DATABASES ARE DATED AND
INCOMPLETE – 70% OF ASSAYS
ARE MORE THAN TWO (OR MORE)
YEARS OLD
• ACCOUNTING FOR MORE THAN
85% OF THE TYPICAL REFINERY’S
COST STRUCTURE, CRUDE SLATE
IS A KEY OPERATING PARAMETER
THAT HAS TO BE SET EARLY IN
THE PLANNING PROCESS.
CRUDE ASSAY
• USED FOR :
– CRUDE OIL SELECTION
– CRUDE OIL GRADING
– CRUDE VALORIZATION
– CRUDE SWAPPING
– CRUDE IMPORTS
– REFINERY CONFIGURATION
– PRODUCTION PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT
– INVENTORY PROBLEMS
– DEMAND/SUPPLY GAPS
CRUDE ASSAY
- INVOLVES DETERMINATION OF:
* BASE AND GENERAL PROPERTIES
* PRESENCE OF IMPURITIES
* OPERATING AND DESIGN DATA
#TBP
# FLASH VAPORISATION
CURVES
# API/SP.GR.OF EACH
FRACTION DISTILLED
•PROPERTY CURVES OF

FRACTIONS VS % DISTILLED
•MID % CURVES
•YIELD % CURVES ETC.
•PROPPERTIES AND YIELDS OF
ST.RUN FRACTIONS
•DETAILED COMPOSITION OF LIGHT
DISTILLATES
•HYDROCARBON TYPE DISTRIBUTION
OF MIDDLE & HEAVY DISTILLATES
CRUDE ASSAY
• CHARACTERISTICS
– DENSITY & API
– RVP
– LIGHT END ANALYSIS
– POUR POINT
– VISCOSITY
– WAX CONTENT
– ASPHALTENES
– CARBON RESIDUE
-ASH CONTENT
-IMPURITIES
-WATER
-SALT
-SULPHUR
-NITROGEN
-INORGANIC AND TOTAL ACIDS
-TRACE METALS

INCREASED ATTENTION TO CRUDE OIL


QUALITY IS MERITED
SELECTION OF CRUDE OIL
• OPTIMAL SELECTION OF CRUDE OIL
IS A KEY DRIVER OF PROFITABILITY
FOR REFINERS
• CRUDE OIL IS GRADUALLY
BECOMING HEAVIER AND HIGHER
IN SULPHUR CONTENT
• CRUDES PROCESSED IN INDIA
– BOMBAY HIGH
– NORTH GUJARAT AND ANKLESHWAR
– ASSAM
•KG BASIN – RAVA
•CAUVERY BASIN
**GULF REGION
**NIGERIA
**MALAYSIA
**AUSTRALIA
• LOW IN S, LOW METALS, LOW LOBS
YIELD & BITUMEN
** VARYING S, PRODUCTION OF
BITUMEN, LOBS, ATF ETC.
IMPORTANT
SPECIFICAITONS
• FLASH POINT, POUR POINT
DISTILLATION, COPPER/SILVER
CORROSION, SULPHUR, VISCOSITY,
POTENTIAL GUM, EXISTENT GUM,
RON, MON, AKI, CETANE
NUMBER/INDEX, SMOKE POINT
ANILINE POINT, CARBON RESIDUE,
VAPOR PRESSURE, COLOR, BMCI,
BROMINE NUMBER, BENZENE
CONTENT, DENSITY, SEDIMENT,
WATER, WEATHERING TEST
FLASH POINT
• MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AT WHICH
THE SAMPLE GIVES SUFFICIENT
VAPOR WHICH FORMS AN
EXPLOSIVE MIXTURE WITH AIR
GIVING A FLASH WHEN A FLAME IS
APPLIED TO IT.
• IMPORTANT FOR SAFETY DURING
STORAGE AND APPLICATION.
POUR POINT
• TEMP AT WHICH THE OIL BECOMES
IMMOBILE

• IMPORTANT FOR CONVEYING OIL


FROM ONE POINT TO THE OTHER
DISTILLATION
• PETROLEUM OILS ARE MIXTURES
OF SEVERAL HYDROCARBONS AND
THUS HAVE A BOILING RANGE
INSTEAD OF BOILING POINT
• OIL SHOULD HAVE SUITABLE
BOILING RANGE SO THAT IT CAN BE
USED IN A PARTICULAR
APPLICATION
MOTOR GASOLINE
• RECOVERY UPTO 70ºC 10 TO 45%
UPTO 100ºC 40 TO 70%
UPTO 180ºC 90%

SPARK IGNITION IC ENGINE


REQUIRES FUEL TO VAPORISE
EASILY TO A SUFFICIENT DEGREE
FOR EASIER IGNITION – 70ºC SPECS
MEET THIS REQUIREMENT
THE LIMIT OF 45% IS TO PREVENT
VAPOUR LOCKS

100ºC SPEC PROVIDES POWER

180ºC SPEC PREVENTS CRANK CASE OIL


DILUTION AND UNBURNT
HYDROCARBONS
COPPER CORROSION

• WHETHER THE PRODUCT IS


CORROSIVE TO COPPER
CONTAINING ALLOYS

• APPLICABLE TO ALL FUELS


SILVER CORROSION
• APPLICABLE TO ATF

• REQUIREMENT FOR INDIAN REGION

• WESTERN WORLD/USA DO NOT USE


THIS TEST ANY MORE
SULPHUR

• CORROSIVE

• POLLUTANT
VISCOSITY

• RESISTANCE TO FLOW
• IMPORTANT PROPERTY FOR
LUBRICATING OILS
• REQUIRED TO PREVENT WEAR AND
TEAR IN MOVING PARTS
• IMPORTANT FOR PUMP SELECTION
POTENTIAL GUM
• APPLICABLE TO MOTOR GASOLINE
BECAUSE OF OLEFINS PRESENCE
• OLEFINS GET OXIDISED TO GUMMY
MATERIAL WHICH STICKS TO
CARBURETTORS JET OR INLET
VALVE LEADING TO VALVE
STICKING
• DOES NOT SHOW THE EXACT
AMOUNT OF GUM BUT ONLY
DIRECTIONAL INDICATION
EXISTENT GUM
• APPLICABLE TO MOTOR GASOLINE
• ANY SOLUBLE SOLID RESIDUE
PRESENT GETS DEPOSITED IN THE
CARBURETTOR AND OTHER PARTS
• SPECS 40 Mg/L MAX.
OCTANE NUMBER
• PERCENT VOLUME OF 1SO OCTANE
IN A MIXTURE OF ISO OCTANE AND
NORMAL HEPTANE THAT GIVES THE
SAME KNOCKING AS THAT OF THE
FUEL WHEN TESTED UNDER
DEFINED CONDITIONS
ISO OCTANE - 100
n-HEPTANE - 0
NORMAL PARAFFINS – LOWEST OCTANE
NAPHTHENES

ISO PARAFFINS
OLEFINS
AROMATICS

OCTANE NUMBERS ARE NOT ADDITIVE


RON AND MON
• DETERMINED UNDER DIFFERENT
TEST CONDITIONS;

RON MON
ENGINE SPEED 600 RPM 900 RPM
SPARK ADVANCE 13º VARIABLE
MIXTURE TEMP- 300ºF
INTAKE AIR TEMP 125ºF 100ºF
AKI

• AKI = (RON + MON)/2

• REGARDED AS MORE CRITICAL


FOR ENGINE PERFORMANCE
CETANE NUMBER
• APPLICABLE TO DIESEL FUELS
WHICH USE COMPRESSION FOR
IGNITION
• DEFINED AS PERCENT VOLUME OF
n-CETANE IN A MIXTURE WITH
ALPHA METHYL NAPHTHALENE
THAT GIVES THE SAME IGNITION
DELAY AS THAT OF FUEL UNDER
TEST
n- CETANE - 100

ALPHA METHYL NAPHTALENE – 0

NORMAL PARAFFINS – HIGHEST CETANE


NAPHTHENES
ISO – PARAFFINS
OLEFINS
AROMATICS
SMOKE POINT
• MAXIMUM LENGTH OF THE FLAME
WHICH DOES NOT GIVE SMOKE
WHEN TESTED UNDER SPECIFIC
CONDITIONS
• SHOWS THE HYDROCARBON
NATURE OF THE FUEL
• RELATED TO HYDROGEN CONTENT
• PARAFINS – HIGH SMOKE POINTS

• NAPHTHENES

• AROMATICS

• PRIMARILY USED FOR


KEROSENE

•18 mm MIN SPECS


ANILINE POINT
• MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AT WHICH EQUAL
VOLUMES OF SAMPLE AND ANILINE ARE
MISCIBLE
• PROVIDES THE HYDROCARBON NATURE OF
THE OIL
• AROMATICS – LOWER ANILINE POINT
NAPHTHENES
PARAFFINS
• IN COMBINATION WITH DENSITY PROVIDES
QUICK INDICATION OF SOME IMPORTANT
PROPERTIES OF DIESEL & ATF
CARBON RESIDUE
• FORMS ON BURNING OF OIL
• CHOKES THE FLOW OF OIL TO THE
BURNER TIP
• RCR AND CCR

VAPOR PRESSURE
COLOR
• SAYBOLT COLOR
– APPLICABLE TO WHITE OILS LIKE
KEROSENE, NAPHTHA ETC.
• ASTM COLOUR
•APPLICABLE TO DIESEL, VAC.DIST. ETC

THE COLOR GIVES AN INDICATION OF THE


DEGREE OF REFINING OR CONTAMINATION
WITH FOREIGN BODIES.
BMCI

• INDICATION OF PREDOMINANT NATURE


OF HYDROCARBONS
• PARAFFINS HAVE BMCI OF ZERO OR LESS
THAN ZERO
• HIGH BMCI INDICATES AROMATIC
NATURE
• BMCI 100 INDICATES PRESENCE OF
CONDENSED RINGS
• BMCI = 4840+473.7XSP.GR. – 456.8
WHERE K IS 50% BOILING POINT IN ºK
• BMCI, VISCOSITY AND DENSITY HAVE
BEEN CORRELATED.
BROMINE NUMBER

• GRAMS OF BROMINE THAT REACT


WITH 100 GRAMS OF SAMPLE
• GIVES OLEFINITY OF SAMPLE

BENZENE CONTENT

• CARCINOGENIC
• APPLICABLE TO MOTOR GASOLINE
DENSITY
• REQUIRED FOR MASS BALANCE
CALCULATIONS
• USEFUL FOR SEVERAL
CORRELATIONS

WEATHERING TEST
• APPLICABLE TO LPG
• INDICATES NON-VAPORISABLE IN
LPG
OFFSITE FACILITIES AND ITS
MANAGEMENT
• LARGE AREA (80%) COVERED BY
OFFSITES
• PROFITABILITY THROUGH:
– IMPROVED OPERATIONS
– ADVANCED PROCESS CONTROL
– GOOD INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
– OPTIMISATION OF STORAGE FACILITIES
& OTHER OFFSITES
MAJOR OFFSITE FUNCTIONS

• CRUDE OIL RECEIPT


– PIPELINES
– TANKERS

• CRUDE PREPARATION FOR FEEDING


TO DISTILLATION UNITS
• ALLOWING CRUDE TO SETTLE
• DESALTER OPERATION FOR FINAL
REMOVAL OF SALT AND SLUDGE
- RECEIVING RUNDOWN FROM UNITS
- BLENDING OF RUNDOWN STREAMS
- LABORATORY
- DESPATCH OF FINISHED PRODUCTS
(PIPELINES, RAIL, ROAD, COASTAL)
- FLARE MANAGEMENT
- REFINERY WATER SUPPLY
SPECIFICATIONS OF
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

• CHARACTERISTICS TO MAKE A
SPECIFIC PRODUCT SUITABLE
FOR A PARTICULAR
APPLICATION

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