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Plant Disease

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and vascular tissue. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter and can be saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation or budding. They serve important roles in decomposition, food production, and some cause diseases in plants and animals.

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12 views25 pages

Plant Disease

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and vascular tissue. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter and can be saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation or budding. They serve important roles in decomposition, food production, and some cause diseases in plants and animals.

Uploaded by

Dorna Giri
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fungi

• Fungi are eukaryotic, non-vascular, non-motile and


heterotrophic organisms.
• The branch of botany that deals with the fungi is
called mycology
• P. A. Micheli known as father of mycology
• They are non-vascular organisms. Xylem and Phloem
are absent.
• Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water soil
and on plants and animals.
• They may be unicellular or filamentous.
• They reproduce by means of spores.
• Fungi exhibit the phenomenon of alternation of generation.
• Fungi lack chlorophyll and hence cannot perform
photosynthesis.
• Fungi store their food in the form of starch.
• Biosynthesis of chitin occurs in fungi.
• The nuclei of the fungi are very small.
• The fungi have no embryonic stage. They develop from the
spores.
• The vegetative body of the fungi may be unicellular
or composed of microscopic threads called hyphae.
Hyphae can grow and form a network called a
mycelium
• Fungi are heterotrophic organisms. They obtains its
food and energy from organic substances, plant and
animal matters.
• Reproduction in fungi is both by sexual and asexual means.
Sexual state is referred to as teleomorph (fruiting body),
asexual state is referred to as anamorph (mold like).
• Asexual reproduction methods are: fragmentation, somatic
budding, fission, asexual spore formation.
• Sexual methods are: gametic copulation, gamate-
gametangium copulation, gametangium copulation, somatic
copulation and Spermatization.
Classification of fungi based on nutrition
• Saprophytic – The fungi obtain their nutrition by feeding on
dead organic substances.
Examples: Rhizopus, Penicillium and Aspergillus.
• Parasitic – The fungi obtain their nutrition by living on other
living organisms (plants or animals) and absorb nutrients from
their host. Examples: Taphrina and Puccinia.
• Symbiotic – These fungi live
by having an interdependent relationship with other species
in which both are mutually benefited. Examples: Lichens and
mycorrhiza. Lichens are the symbiotic association between
algae and fungi.
Beneficial Effects of Fungi
• Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling.
• Destruction of organic waste
• Many fungi such as mushroom, morals and puff balls are used as
food
• Manufacture of protenin
• Biosynthetic factories. Can be used to produce drugs, antibiotics,
alcohol, acids, food (e.g., fermented products, mushrooms).
• Production of plant hormone (Gibberelins) from Gibberella
fujikuroi
• Biological control agent for disease management eg
Trichoderma
• Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies.
Harmful Effects of Fungi
• Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth.
• Animal and human diseases, including
allergies.
• Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms
and within food (e.g., grain, cheese, etc.).
• Plant diseases.
• Wood deterioration
General introduction of bacteria
• Bacteria are prokaryotic, microscopic,
unicellular organisms.
• They have a relatively simple cell structure
compared to eukaryotic cells.
Shape of bacteria
• Convert milk into curd – Lactobacillus or lactic acid
bacteria
• Ferment food products – Streptococcus and Bacillus
• Help in digestion and improving the body’s
immunity system – Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes,
Firmicutes, Proteobacteria
• Production of antibiotics, which is used in the
treatment and prevention of bacterial infections –
Soil bacteria
• Viruses are non-cellular, microscopic infectious agents that
can only replicate inside a host cell
• The presence of spikes helps in attaching the viruses to the
host cell.
• These viruses do not grow, neither respire nor metabolize, but
they reproduce.
• They are surrounded by a protein coat – capsid and have a
nucleic acid core comprising DNA or RNA
• They are considered both as living and non-living things.

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