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Silviculture 1

Silviculture is the science and art of growing and tending forest crops. It involves controlling the establishment, composition, character, and growth of forest stands to meet specific objectives. Some key aspects of silviculture include identifying land management objectives, constraints, site conditions, choosing appropriate species and planting methods, producing seedlings in nurseries, land preparation, planting, and ongoing maintenance activities like weed control, pruning, fertilizing and thinning.

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Jenny Rumondang
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35 views

Silviculture 1

Silviculture is the science and art of growing and tending forest crops. It involves controlling the establishment, composition, character, and growth of forest stands to meet specific objectives. Some key aspects of silviculture include identifying land management objectives, constraints, site conditions, choosing appropriate species and planting methods, producing seedlings in nurseries, land preparation, planting, and ongoing maintenance activities like weed control, pruning, fertilizing and thinning.

Uploaded by

Jenny Rumondang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SILVICULTURE

• The science and art of growing and tending forest


crops

• The theory and practice of controlling the


establishment, composisition, character and growth
of forest stands to satisfy specific objectives
(Broun, 1912, Kostler, 1956, Smith, 1986).
Why Plantation?
• Degraded land 1999/2000 :
23.242.881 ha (Dephut), 2012
sudah lebih dari 59 juta ha

• Rate of deforestation 1970 –


1990 : 0.6 – 1.2 million ha/yr
(FWI/GWF, 2001)

• Rate of deforestation 1997 :


• 1.7 milion ha/yr.
Principles of Reforestation
1. Identification of land management objectives and the translation of these
objectives into specific kinds of stand structure and composition. For
example; the kind of stand most suitable for wood production may differ
from which is most satisfactory for multiple uses.

2. Identification of general constrains, which may be Managerial (nearnes to


market, treatment priorities, site quality), Societal (water suply, legal, taxes),
Economic (analysis BC ratio), Ecological (inherent site factor such as
ecosystem stability, wildlife consideration, present of pathogens etc)

3. Analysis of specific stand conditions of relatively uniform agregations of


vegetations or by habitat types. This analysis is aimed at identifying
controling variables such as drainage problems, insect and desease factors,
soil-water avaibility, temperature, evaporative stress, and competing
vegetation.
4. Precribing treatments involving; choice of
species, age class, seed source, type of stock
for planting, spacing, and appropriate site
preparation which adequately integrate
managerial, ecological, and physiological
considerations (Daniel and Baker, 1980)
What to plant? Choice of species
Purpuse of The Plantation
1. Industrial uses- fuelwood, pulpwood, sawtimber, panel
product such as play wood and other boards

2. Domestic uses-notably firewood, but also rough roundwood


for stakes

3. Environmental protection-check soil erosion and water


runoff, stabilize soil surface, windbreaks, rehabilitation of
wasteland/industrial site

4. Tree-planting as and integral part of rural development for


amenity, shade, shelter, food-fruits and nuts, animal fooder
and browse, and to enriche the soil throught leaf fall, nitrogen
fixation, other agroforestry, etc.
Seed collection, supply, and storage

• Seed Sources :
Seed Sources
Method of Seed collection

• Special felling (Eucalyptus sp)

• Ground collection of natural seed fall

• Direct gathering of fruits


Seed extraction, cleaning, and storage
Forest Nurseries

1. Newly germinated seedlings of most tree species fail in


competition with other plants and it is impractical to
give each tiny seedling, 3 or 4 metres apart in a
plantation, the care needed for survival. Therefore
seedlings or other forest plants, e.g. rooted cuttings,
are raised together, free of any competition, until they
are sturdy enough for planting out.

2. Only in nursery can the forester afford to provide


growing conditions to raise healthy vigorous plants.
Mainly for reasons of economics, the forest planting
site receives a minimum of soil preparation, fertilizing,
and maintenance.
Nursery site selection
• Be closer to the source of water

• Be closer to nursery worker

• The area is relatively flat

• Good accesbility

• No extreme condition (very hot, very cold, strong wind, dry or


flooding

• Clse to the planting site


Type of Nurseries

• Permanent nursery ; established for long-term seedling production


and for hight quantity ( 1-3 million seedling per year)

• Short-term nursery ; established for one period of planting with


seedling production of several thousand seedling only,
Production of Planting Stocks in the Nursery
Land Preparation

• Mechanicaly
• Manualy
• Chemically
• Burning
Planting
• Time of Planting : (1) Plant seedlings when soil moisture levels have
returned to field capacity; this is often only after about 100 mm of
steady rain has fallen and the wet season commenced (2) Plant on
claudy days (3) Use well-balanced and conditioned plants which
have been well-watered just before leaving the nursery.

• Planting pattern

• Spacing
• Planting methods : (1) Insert roots into the soil up to the root collar
(2) avoid damaging roots by breaking, bending aor crushing (3) Firm
soil around the roots using the ball of the foot (4) Remove
impervious containers before planting (5) On dry site the planting
position should maximize water retention (6) Stump plants should
not be foced into the ground. They should be placed in specially
prepared holes and the soil firmed around them as with ordinary
plants.
Plantation maintenance
• Immediate Post-Planting Problems : (1) Death of Plants (2)
Abnormally slow growth
• Factors affecting initial survival : (1) planting skill, especially
firmness of soil around the roots and planting depth (2) Condition
of seedlings-bare-rooted, container-grown, shoot:root ratio,
whether it suffered moisture stress during lifting and
transportation (3) immediate post-planting weather (4) poor soil
condition, especially waterlogging or eroded surface (5) insect and
termite (6) weed competition (7) animal damage-grazing,
browsing
• Causes abnormally slow growth : (1) Poor choice of species or
provenance (2) Direct acute nutrient deficiency (3) Poor soil
physical cionditions (4) missing or poor mycorrhizal associations
with conifers (5) poor root nodulation in nitrogen-fixing trees
Maintenance activities

• Weed Control
• Pruning
• Fertilizing
• Thinning

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