Shyama Prasad Mukherji College for Women

(University of Delhi)

Chapter-2
Network Models

B.Sc. (H) Computer Science 3rd Semester

Lecture-4

Faculty: Manish Kumar Singh

Asst. Professor (Dept. of Computer Science)
Shyama Prasad Mukherji College
 LAYERED TASKS

Each layer at the sending site uses the services of the layer immediately below it

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 LAYERED TASKS
• The layered model Introduced before 1990
was OSI model.
• The TCP/IP model became the dominant
commercial architecture because it was used
extensively in the Internet

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 THE OSI MODEL
• Within a single machine, each layer calls upon the services of the layer just
below it.
• Between machines, layer x on one machine communicates with layer x on
another machine (agreed-upon series of rules)

Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 5
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

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 THE OSI MODEL

Intermediate nodes usually involve only the first three layers of the OSI model
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 THE OSI MODEL
• D7 means data unit at layer 7, D6 means data unit at layer-6, and so on
• The process starts at layer 7 (application layer), then moves from layer to layer
in descending, sequential order.
• At each layer, a header, or possibly a trailer, can be added to the data unit.

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 THE OSI MODEL
• (contd. from previous slide): Commonly, the trailer is
added only at layer 2. When the formatted data unit
passes through the physical layer (layer-1), it is changed
into an electromagnetic signal and transported along a
physical link.

• Encapsulation: the data portion of a packet at level N - 1

carries the whole packet (data and header and maybe
trailer) from level N.

Note: Layer N – 1 Encapsulate Layer N Packet

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 OSI Layers
1. Physical Layer
• coordinates to carry a bit stream (signal
transfer) over a physical medium
• deals with mechanical and electrical
specifications plus procedures and functions
of the interface and transmission medium

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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Physical Layer
• Physical characteristics
– interfaces and medium
• Bits coding
– how Os and I s are changed to signals
• Data rate
– number of bits sent each second
• Clock Synchronization
– The sender and receiver not only must use the same bit rate (speed of
data) but also must be synchronized at the bit level (i.e. quantity of data.
Take example of Pipe size to flow water at two ends)
– Ex:- If sender send data at faster rate but receiver receives at slower rate,
data would loss
If sender send data at slow rate but receiver receives at faster rate, data
would slow down the overall system

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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Physical Layer
• Line configuration
– connection of devices to the media
– Point-to-point or multipoint connection
• Physical topology
– Bus, star, mesh, ring, hybrid
• Transmission mode
– simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex

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 OSI Layers
2. Data Link Layer
• responsible for moving error-free frames from
one hop (node) to the next i.e. hop to hop
communication.

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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Data Link Layer
• Framing
– divides stream of bits received from network layer into units
called frames
• Physical addressing
– adds address to the frame to define the sender and/or
receiver of the frame.
– If the frame destination is a system outside the sender's
network, the receiver address is the address of the device that
connects the network
• Flow control
– to avoid overwhelming the receiver (if sender speed is more
than receiver)
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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Data Link Layer
• Error control
– detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames
– Mechanism to recognize duplicate frames
– achieved through a trailer added to end of frame
• Access control
– When two or more devices are connected to the
same link, mechanism is necessary to determine
which device has control over the link at a time

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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Data Link Layer
• Note that the frames exchanged in every link
between source and destination have different
values in the headers and trailers
– The source and Destination address is different in
every link
– The values of the trailers can also be different if
error checking includes the header of the frame

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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Data Link Layer

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 OSI Layers
Network Layer
• Data Link Layer:
– delivery of the packet between two systems on
the same network (links),
• Network Layer:
– responsible for the source-to-destination delivery
of a packet

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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Network Layer
• Logical addressing
– includes logical addresses of sender and receiver
which don’t change in every hop through path
opposite to physical address in data link layer
which changes in every hop
• Routing
– Intermediate nodes route or switch the packets to
their final destination based on logical address

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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Network Layer
• source-to-destination delivery of individual packets, it does not recognize any
relationship between those packets.

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 OSI Layers
4. Transport Layer
• responsible for process-to-process delivery of entire
message but not just packets
• ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in-
order, overseeing both error control and flow control at
the source-to-destination level

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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Transport Layer
• Service-point addressing
– Computers often run several programs at same time.
– The network address gets each packet to the correct computer;
– the transport address gets entire message to the correct process on
that computer.
• Segmentation and reassembly
– A message is divided into transmittable segments, with each segment
containing a sequence number
– Sequence numbers enable to reassemble the message correctly upon
arriving at the destination and to identify and replace lost packets
• Flow control
– Flow control at this layer is performed end to end rather than across a
single link in data link layer

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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Transport Layer
• Connection control
– can be connectionless or connection oriented
– A connectionless transport layer treats each segment as an independent
packet
– A connection oriented transport layer makes a connection to
destination first before delivering the packets. After all the data are
transferred, the connection is terminated
• Error control
– responsible for error control. However, error control at this layer is
performed process-to-process rather than across a single link as in data
link layer.
– makes sure that the entire message arrives at the receiver without error.
– Error correction is usually achieved through retransmission.

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 OSI Layers
Difference b/w Network Layer & Transport Layer

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 OSI Layers
5. Session Layer
• The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization
• Dialog control
– allows two systems to enter into a dialog
– Half-duplex or full-duplex dialog
• Synchronization
– allows a process to add checkpoints, or synchronization points,
to a stream of data
– For example, if a system is sending a file of 2000 pages, it is
advisable to insert checkpoints after every 100 pages to ensure
that each 100-page unit is received and acknowledged
independently. In this case, if a crash happens during the
transmission of page 523, the only pages that need to be resent
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after system recovery are pages 501 to 523. Pages previous to
 OSI Layers
7. Presentation Layer
• is concerned with the syntax and semantics of
the information exchanged between two
systems
• responsible for translation, compression, and
encryption.

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 OSI Layers
Functionalities of Presentation Layer
• Translation
– responsible for interoperability between different data
encoding methods in different systems
• Encryption
– transforms the original information to another form
– Decryption reverses the original process to transform
the message back to its original form
• Compression
– Data compression reduces the number of bits
contained in the information
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 OSI Layers
7. Application Layer
• responsible for providing services to the user
• Mail, File Transfer, Web Browsing, Directory
Service

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Summary of OSI Layers

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 Reference Book
• Data Communications & Networking, 4th
Edition,Behrouz A. Forouzan

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