Oxford

My English
I S A B E L WA N G

VICTORIAN CURRICULUM 7
What is a common noun ?
A common noun names
ordinary things. It only
has a capital letter if it
starts a sentence.
 Examples

Table
Chair
Pencil
Book
Medal
What is a proper noun ?
A proper noun names a
particular thing ,
person or place. Proper
nouns always have a
capital letter.
 Examples

Lucy
Alfred
Michele
Marrant
What is a concrete noun ?
A concrete noun names
a physical thing that
you can see , touch,
smell , hear or taste.
 Examples

Laptop
Celling
Floor
Chandelier
What is a abstract noun ?
An abstract noun
names a quality, feeling
or idea these are all the
things you cannot see
or touch.
 Examples

Hatred
Fear
Angry
happy
Verbs
 Verbs are words that indicate an
action or a state of being. Every
grammatically complete sentence
contains a verb, which tells the
reader what the subject( a noun that
the sentence is about) of the
sentence is doing .
There are a lot of different verbs,
they include:
-Physical action( walk, jump )
Jemima moved all the chairs.
-Mental actions ( ignore, worry)
Ismael wanted a cricket bat for
Christmas.
-state of position ( has, are )
Rani has a new watch.
 Examples

Walk
Talk
Eat
Drink
Jump
tenses
Each verb shows when the
action or thought takes
place. This is called the
verb tense. Verb tense tells
the reader if the action is
taking place in the past,
present (now) of future.
 Examples

Past present present

ate eating will eat

Jumped jumping will jump

Regular verbs and irregular verbs
Many verbs are regular
verbs, which means that they
follow a regular pattern when
various tenses are formed.
For past tense regular verbs,
-ed is added . For future
tense regular verbs, the
helping verb “will "is added.
 Examples for regular verbs
Past present Future

accepted accept Will accept

helped help Will help
Will inform inform Will inform
Some verbs are
irregular and do not
follow a pattern in
their different tense
forms.
 Examples for irregular verbs
Past present Future

chose choose Will chose

swam swim Will swim
wrote write Will write
Adverbs
Adverbs add meaning
to-or modify-other
words. They give more
information about other
verbs, adjective, and
other adverbs. Adverbs
"knew”
 Examples

Excitedly
Instantly
Very
quite
Adverbs of time and place
Besides adverbs of
manner, there are also
other adverbs that modify
verbs by giving
information about place
and time. They are called
adverbs of time and place
Examples

On
Behind
In
later
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that
describe the noun or pronouns.
They tell the reader more
information about quality,
attributes, characteristics,
numbers, and appearances.
They can be used by
themselves or together with
other adjectives.
Examples

Nice
Smooth
excellent
three
Forms
Positive forms
Positive form adjectives give
information about one thing
with no comparison being
made.
Comparative form adjectives
compare two things.
 Examples

New
Strong
Happy
Comparative Forms
Comparative form
adjectives compare two
things.
 Examples

Newer
Stronger
Happier
Superlative form
Superlative form
adjectives compare
more than two things.
 Examples

Newest
Strongest
Happiest
Preposition
A preposition links a noun or
pronoun to another word in
a sentence. Prepositions
show how people and things
relate to each other in space
or time. They tell us when
where and how things
happen.
 Examples

Above
About
across
 Types of preposition

Space- where they are relative to each other.

Above
At
Time- when things happen relative to each other.
After
during
Conjunctions
Conjunctions join individual
words or group of words.
They link similar of
contrasting ideas and help
avoid repetition in writing.
They can join short
sentences to make them
longer, more complex ones.
 Examples

But
although
And
Or
Because
When
Although
Once
Punctuation
Punctuation marks give
structure and meaning to
your writing and allow
readers to understand it
more easily.
Full stop
A full stop is used at the end
of a sentence. (.)
Comma
A comma indicates a pause
or break in the sentence. It
also used when a new idea
is introduced in a sentence. (
,)
Question mark
A question is mark is used
at the end of a sentence
when a question is asked.
(?)
Exclamation mark
A exclamation mark is used
a the end of the sentence to
add emphasis and express
strong emotion. (!)
Apostrophes
Apostrophes are another
common punctuation mark,
but they are often used
incorrectly. Apostrophes are
used in 2 different ways:
-possessive
-contraction
Possessive apostrophes
Possessive apostrophes
indicates that something
belongs to someone. This is
shown by adding an
apostrophe to the end of the
owners name.
Apostrophes of contraction
Apostrophes of contraction
are used to shorten words,
or join 2 words together.
Phrases
A phrase is a small group of
words that make no sense
on its own and needs to be
placed in a sentence to have
meaning. A phrase may
contain a noun or a verb, but
cannot contain both.
 Examples

Moving quickly
Moving slowly
Toward the exit
Clauses
A clause is a group of words
that make sense on its own.
A clause has a subject , as
well as a verb that explains
what is happening to the
noun.
 Examples

She pushed through the crowd.

She pulled the door handle.
She waited for the bus.
Independent Clauses
An independent clause, or
main clause, contain a
subject and a verb that can
always stand alone as a
simple sentence.
 Examples

Peter ran away.

The boy cried.
The girl laughed.
Dependent Clauses
A dependent clause, or
subordinate clause, also
contains a subject and a verb as
well as a subordinate
conjunction. The subordinate
conjunction makes one part of
the sentence depends on
another part of the sentence
and never makes complete
sentence on its own.
 Examples

Because he was in danger.

After he drank the wine.
Before the party.
Subjects
One part of a sentence is
the subject, which is the
person, thing or idea that
the sentence is about. The
subject of the sentence will
always be a noun(s) or
pronoun(s).
 Examples

Sally
Sam
Australia
Hill street
Predicates
The other part of the
sentence is the predicate. It
tells us what happened to
the subject and contains a
verb. The predicate may be
very short, even a single
word, or it can be longer
and contain more
information.
Simple sentences
The simple sentence
contains one independent
clause. It has a subject and a
verb and expresses a single
idea. I also contains little
detail.
 Examples

The Girl walked.

The boy cried.
Compound sentence
The compound sentence
contains two or more
independent clauses joined
with a coordinating
conjunction.
Complex sentence
The complex sentence
contains an independent
clause and at lease one
dependent clause.
 Examples

The girl entered the hospital because she was visiting her sister.
Coordinating conjunction
There are seven
coordinating conjunctions :
for, and, nor, but, or, yet ,
so. Use the mnemonic
FANBOYS to remember
them.
Complex sentences
The complex sentence is
made up of a independent
clause and at least one
independent clause. Often
this clause is embedded
within a independent clause.
 Examples

The girl entered the hospital because she was visiting her sister, who had just got her brain tumour
removed.
TEEL
Topic sentence: A
paragraph should always
begin with a topic sentence,
which states the main point
or argument.
Explanation and evidence: after
the topic sentence, the next few
sentences of the paragraph
provide a explanation of ideas
or evidence to support the topic
sentence. Don’t feel you have
to stop at just one sentence of
each type.
Link: the final sentence of
the paragraph is a linking
sentence that links back to
the main idea of the topic
sentence.
Ellipsis
The term ellipsis refers to
leaving out unnecessary part
of the sentence. A sentence
may sound fine on its own,
but it can sound repetitive
when placed in a paragraph
with similar materials.
 Examples

I don’t really want to go to my grandma’s house.

Substitution
Substitution can help you
avoid repeating material.
Often using pronoun
although any word that
makes sense may be used.
 Examples

The girl entered the hospital because she was visiting her sister, who had just got her brain tumour
removed.
Simile
Substitution can help you
avoid repeating material.
Often using pronoun
although any word that
makes sense may be used.
 Examples

The girl was as slippery as a snake.

Metaphor
Substitution can help you
avoid repeating material.
Often using pronoun
although any word that
makes sense may be used.
 Examples

He is a dirty rat.
Personification
Substitution can help you
avoid repeating material.
Often using pronoun
although any word that
makes sense may be used.
 Examples

The elevator groaned as I stepped on it.

Connotations
A writer deliberately chooses words
giving a specific effect. Words have
connotations, which create a
particular feeling or give you
certain associations when you read
them. Some are positive while
others are negative.
 Examples

The sweaty girl entered the hospital because she was visiting her sister, who had just got her brain tumour
removed.
Descriptive words
Words are use for their
descriptive effect.
Descriptive words aim to
capture sights, sound and
feeling and perhaps even
tastes and smells.
 Examples

The wheels rumbled under her feet as she skated home.

Analysing a text
When you analysis a text, look
for similes, metaphors,
personifications, connotations
and descriptive text and
consider why a writer has used
these particular words. Think
about the emotion or feeling
they are trying to communicate.
 Examples

The sunrise lit up the sky and the birds began to sing.
connotations Associations of a word as it is relates to
the readers experience.
Ellipsis The process of leaving out or deleting
unnecessary words in a sentence.