A Report

on
Field Visit of Geology

Submitted by:
 Table of Content
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Methodology
4. Location of study area
5. Handling of Geological compass
6. River Channel Morphology
7. Geological structure
8. Study and identification of rock
9. Conclusion
 1. INTRODUCTION
 The word geology comes from Greek words “Geo” mean (earth)
and “logos” mean (study).
 This field works done in the Malekhu area form the partial
fulfillment of BE civil Engineering Degree under Pokhara
University.
 The Study team of students were guided by our respective
subject teachers during the field study in order to obtain
knowledge about the geological structures, their engineering
significance and distribution of different rocks and rock types.
 2. OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this report are:

 To handling the geological compass.
 To study the river channel morphology.
 To study geological structures.
 To study and identification of rocks and minerals.
 3. METHODOLOGY
The geological fields study was carried out in the following ways:

Primary method:

 Recci of the field

 Sketch of the field in its natural condition
 Photograph of the field
 Collection and analysis of data.
 4. LOCATION OF THE STUDY
 Maluku lies on lesser Himalayan unit of Nepal.
 It is about 130 km east away from Pokhara valley.
 It is situated on the bank of Trishuli and Maluku river.
 It is located at latitude of 27° 50’38’’ to 27 ° 45’ 50’’ and
longitude of 24 49’5’’ to 84 50’50’’.
 5. To Handling the geological compass
Handling of geological compass
 A geological compass is used to measure the attitudes of the geological
features (strike and dip) and orientation of slopes.
 The compass was mainly used for measuring the bearing of object with
respect to north and to measure inclination .
 The main operation of geological compass consists of opening the
compass carefully, leveling the spirit level and placing the compass on
the planer feature for measurement.
 In the field we use Brunton Compass.
 Geological compass and its types:

 Clinometer compass
 Burnton compass
 Clar compass
 Digital compass

Fig; Burnton compass

 Observation Data in the field

DIP DIRECTION
S.N NAME STRIKE DIP AMOUNT

1 Prabin Gurung 93 90 184

2 Prabin Pudasaini 85 84 175

3 Pradhumna Paudel 87 74 176

4 Sundar Paudel 96 87 184

 6. RIVER CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY

Appearance of river channel and study of its external feature is known as

river channel morphology.
Types of river
a) Straight River:
- It flow straight path.
- Velocity of flow is High.

Fig; Straight River

b) Meandering River:
- It flow zig-zag path.
- Velocity of flow is medium.
Fig; Meandering River

c) Braided River:
- It flow different channel within
the same river.
- Deposition more and less erosion.
Fig; Braided River
 Features Developed By River:

 Oxbow Lake
 Fan
 Delta

Fig;Delta
Fig;Oxbow Lake
 7. STUDY OF GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Structure geology deals with rock features of the earth. Different geological structures are:-

1. Primary structure
- Which developed at the time of formation of rock.
- Such as (Mud crack, Ripple mass, Rain prints etc.

2. Secondary structure
- These are developed after the formation of rock due to external forces.
 Folds
 Faults
 Joints
 The following are the secondary geological structure:

A. Fold:
The bending of rock-strata due to compressional force acting
tangentially or horizontally towards a common point or plane
from opposite direction is known as fold.
Classification of fold:
1. On the basis of shape
- anticline
- syncline
 The following are the secondary geological structure:

2. On the basic of geographic orientation

- symmetrical fold
- asymmetrical fold
- overturned fold
3. Mode of occurrences
- anti-linorium
- synclinorium
- Dome and Basin
 The following are the secondary geological structure:

4. On the basic of depth

- similar
- parallel
- Drag
5. On the basic of limb angles
- Isocline
- Tight
- close
- open
- Gentle
 The following are the secondary geological structure:

B. Faults:
- Fracture in rock where there is a relative displacement of two sides parallel to
fracture plane.
Types of Faults
1. On the basic of slip:
strike slip faut
dip sip fault
2. On the basic of geometry
- Normal fault
- Reverse fault
- Strike slip
- vertical fault
 The following are the secondary geological structure:

3. On the Basic of genetic classification

- Reverse fault
- Thrust
- over thrust
4. On the basic of attitude of fault
- parallel
- peripheral
-radial faults
 The following are the secondary geological structure:

C. Joint:
- Fracture in a rock where there is no reltive displacement
between the sides.
Classification of Joint:
1. Geometrical Classification Of joint
- Strike joint
- Dip joint
- Oblique joint
- Bedding joint
2. Genetic Classification of joint:
- Sheet joint
- Shear Joint
- Tensional joint
 8. Study of different types of rocks
Rock is defined as naturally forming, hard and compact solid aggregates
or assemblage of minerals forming crust of the earth. The branch of geology
that deals with the study of various aspects of the rocks, such as their mode
of formation, composition and occurrence is called petrology. The rocks are
classified as following on the basis of their mode of formation:

A. Igneous Rock
B. Sedimentary Rock
C. Metamorphic rock
 Igneous rock
 Formed by the solidification of hot molten masses called
magma
 Most abundant rocks on the earth crust

Identification of igneous rock

 Generally hard and massive
 Absence of fossils
 Absence of bedding plane and foliation plane
 Usually contain much feldspar
 Metamorphic rocks
• Formed by action of temperature and pressure on sedimentary and igneous
rock
Identification of metamorphic rock
 Preferred orientation of the minerals, having foliation plane & have rock cleavage.

Rock cleavage
Tendency of minerals to breakdown in a regular pattern.
 Slaty cleavage
planar in structure & break from such surface. e.g. slate
 Schistosity cleavage
wave and undulated in structure e.g. schist
 Gneissosity cleavage
found alternation band of light & dark color minerals e.g. gmeiss
 Sedimentary rock
 Formed by compaction and cementation of sediments in
depositional basin
 Sediments are derived by various geological agents from
various part of the earth to basin

Identification of sedimentary rocks

 Presence of bedding plane
 Compact and cemented by matrix
 Fossils are commonly found
 Field identification
Sample No.1 ( 500 m from Malekhu highway )
Color Milky white
ioStructure Non foiliation
Cleavage Absence
Sp gravity Medium to high
Hammer test Hammer scratch on sample
Mineral composition Calcite
Rock name Rock marble
Rock type Metamorphic rock

Engineering properties
1.strength medium
2.drill ability medium
3.blasticity high
Geological formation Bhiscedoban marble
Uses -Use for cement grade manufacturing
Sample No.2 ( 1km from Malekhu highway )
Color Greenish
Structure No bedding
Cleavage Salty
Sp gravity Low
Acid test Absence
Mineral composition Chlorite, mosquobite
Rock name Phyllite
Rock type Metamorphic rock
Engineering properties
1.strength high
2.drill ability high
3.blasticity low

Geological formation Robang phyllite

Uses -Use for roofing
 Photographs

fig: granite
fig : Dolomite
fig : Quarzite

fig : Phyllite fig : schist fig : Marble

 Minerals
Naturally occurring homogenous solid with definite chemical composition
& highly ordered atomic arrangement
Physical properties of minerals
Color, Streak, Hardness, Transparency, Magnetism, Luster, Sp. Gravity
Types of minerals
 Silicate minerals: (largest group of minerals, contain silicon and oxygen)
 Hydrous: (chlorite, talc)
 Non-silicate minerals: (oxide, hydroxide, sulphate, carbonate)
 Sulphate: gypsum (used as plaster, Epsom salt)
 Carbonate: calcite, malachite (used as carbon paper, glass & ceramics)
 9. CONCLUSION
 At last we had concluded the Malekhu and its surrounding is the
answer for geological curiosity. Actually, the Malekhu is small in small
in area but it has large amount or numbers of the geological
phenomenon and hence it can provide broad knowledge for the
learners.
 Along the Malekhu river , we found sedimentary rock. Handling the
compass and to measure the attitude of rock including strike, dip
amount and dip direction is now very easy to us.
 By the river channel morphology we know that ,how the river flows,
factors effecting erosion and deposition and its occurs.
THE END