Scribd
Upload
15 views

1-Biophysics Introduction 2022 Utf

Süleyman Üçüncüoğlu is a professor in the Department of Biophysics at Istanbul Medipol University in the Faculty of International Medicine. Biophysics is an interdisciplinary field that applies methods of physics to study biological systems. Some topics covered in biophysics include molecular and subcellular biophysics, physiological and anatomical biophysics, and environmental biophysics. This semester, Professor Üçüncüoğlu will be teaching topics related to biomechanics, bioelectricity, electrophysiology, the electromagnetic spectrum, cell membranes, and the visual system.

Uploaded by

malaths757
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views

1-Biophysics Introduction 2022 Utf

Süleyman Üçüncüoğlu is a professor in the Department of Biophysics at Istanbul Medipol University in the Faculty of International Medicine. Biophysics is an interdisciplinary field that applies methods of physics to study biological systems. Some topics covered in biophysics include molecular and subcellular biophysics, physiological and anatomical biophysics, and environmental biophysics. This semester, Professor Üçüncüoğlu will be teaching topics related to biomechanics, bioelectricity, electrophysiology, the electromagnetic spectrum, cell membranes, and the visual system.

Uploaded by

malaths757
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 60

BIOPHYSICS

SÜLEYMAN ÜÇÜNCÜOĞLU, PHD

ISTANBUL MEDIPOL UNIVERSITY


FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL MEDICINE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOPHYSICS
[email protected]
BIOPHYSICS ?
BIOPHYSICS ?

is an interdisciplinary science that


applies the approaches and methods
of physics to study biological systems
Biophysics is a bridge
between biology and
physics
The Metric System
• A decimal system of units for measurements of length, mass, time…

• System International (SI) units: a superset of seven units from which


all others can be derived.

• Fun fact: NASA lost a $125 million Mars orbiter in 1999 because of a
unit error, English units vs metric system
Common metric prefixes
Dimensional Analysis
• Use units with the numerical values

• All units should cancel, except those you are expecting in your answer

• Example: Driving a car with a speed of 100 km per hour. How much do
you travel after half an hour?

100 km/hrs * 0.5 hr = 50 km


TOPICS OF BIOPHYSICS
Molecular and Subcellular Biophysics
Physiological and Anatomical Biophysics
Enviromental Biophysics
SOME TOPICS OF BIOPHYSICS
• Cell Membrane Behavior
• Electrical Behavior of Cells
• Electrophysiology (EEG , EMG, EKG, ERG)
• Muscle Contraction and Biomechanics
• Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics
• Biophysics of Sensation
• Light/Photon-Electron
• Microscopy & Imaging
• Structual and Functional Neuroimaging
• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Effect of radiation on matter
• Hemodynamics
In this semester
• Biomechanics
• Bioelectric
• Electrical Behavior of Cells
• Electrophysiology
• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Light/Photon-Electron
• Cell Membrane
• Cell Membrane Behavior
Biophysics can also be described according to the systems in the body

 Biophysics of Nervous System


 Biophysics of Muscular system/Skeletal system
 Biophysics of Vascular System
 Biophysics of Respiratory System
 Biophysics of Sensation
 Biophysics of Visual System
 Biophysics of Auditory System
Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane Behavior


(Topic of this semester)
Cell Membrane
Passive and Active Transport in the Cell membrane
Ion channels
The Nernst equation:

The Goldman equation


• The Nernst equation accurately describes the relation between ion
concentrations and the membrane potential, when only one type of
ion can move through the membrane.
• Goldman equation, is used in cell membrane physiology to determine
the reversal potential across a cell's membrane, taking into account all
of the ions that are permeant through that membrane.
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
(EPSPs)

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials


(IPSPs)
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are depolarizations;
i.e. they increase the likelihood that a neuron will fire

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are hyperpolarizations;


they decrease the likelihood that a neuron will fire
PSPs have three important properties:
• Action potentials are most commonly initiated by excitatory postsynaptic
potentials from a presynaptic neuron.
• Typically, neurotransmitter molecules are released by the presynaptic
neuron.
• These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
This binding opens various types of ion channels. This opening has the
further effect of changing the local permeability of the cell membrane
and, thus, the membrane potential.
• If the binding increases the voltage (depolarizes the membrane), the
synapse is excitatory. If, however, the binding decreases the voltage
(hyperpolarizes the membrane), it is inhibitory
Action Potential
An action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical
membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a
consistent trajectory.
Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells
Neurons,
Muscle cells
 Skeletal Muscle
 Smooth Muscle
 Hearth Muscle
Action Potential

http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Physiology%20101/Chapter%20Notes/Fall
%202007/chapter_7%20Fall%202007.htm
Skeletal muscle cells vs Cardiac Muscle cells action
Potantial
Action potential in skeletal muscle cells have a shorter
lifetime. Action potential can be measured right after the
contraction.

In contract, action potential in cardiac muscle cells have a


longer lifetime and they overlap with the contraction.
When the action potential decayed, the contraction is
also ended.

https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/19-2-cardiac-muscle-and-electrical-
activity/
Action Potentials in Smooth Muscle
Some of the smooth muscle cells have a spontaneous cycle of depolarization, and these are
known as pacemaker cells. They are said to have slow wave depolarization. When the level of
depolarization reaches a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. The strength of
contraction depends on the number of action potential triggered.

https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Medical_Physiology/Gastrointestinal_Physiology/Motility
BIOPHYSICS OF
VISUAL SYSTEM AND LIGHT
(Light-Topic of this semester
Visual System topic of second year)
OPTIC LAWS
• Law of reflection
• The law of refraction
• Lens equation
• Types of lenses
• Dioptric power
BIOPHYSICS OF
AUDITORY SYSTEM
PROPERTIES OF SOUND
WAVES
(Topic of second year)
The frequency of sound is the number of waves or the number of compressions passing a giving point in
the medium each second. It is the same as the frequency of the vibration which is producing the sound.
The greater the frequency the higher the pitch of the sound.

The wavelength of the sound is the distance between successive compressions, or between two successive
points in phase

The amplitude of the sound is the maximum displacement of the air particles from their rest position. It is also the
difference between the maximum air pressure in a sound wave and normal air pressure. The greater the amplitude,
louder the sound

http://members.optushome.com.au/scottsoftc/Chapter01/Chapter1c.htm
http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/web2/audio/figs/aud.0204.gif
• There could be two different frequencies at the same time
• (1) Talking of a person----frequency of F1
• (2) claping -------frequency of F2
• (3) The superposition of F1+F2=F3
The ear could differentiate these two sounds
Electromagnetic waves and
electromagnetic spectrum
(Topic of this semester)
https://tr.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/a/light-
and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum
Energy that are lower in frequency than visible light.
• infrared (IR) rays (heat waves given off by thermal bodies)
• Microwaves
• radio waves
These types of radiation surround us constantly, and are not harmful, because their frequencies
are so low.

https://tr.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/a/light-
and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum
Energy that are higher in frequency than visible light spectrum
• ultraviolet (UV) rays
• X-rays
• gamma rays
These types of radiation are harmful to living organisms, due to their extremely high frequencies (and
thus, high energies).

https://tr.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/a/light-
and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum
Interaction of radiation with matter

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod3.html#c1
Electrophysiology
Bioelectricity
(Topic of this semester)

Bioelectricity, electric potentials and currents produced by or occurring


within living organisms
Electrophysiology in the cellular level
Action Potentials
An action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical
membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a
consistent trajectory.
Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells
Neurons,
Muscle cells
 Skeletal Muscle
 Smooth Muscle
 Hearth Muscle
Electrophysiology in the human body
• ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
• ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG)
• ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (EKG)
• ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY (ERG)
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
(EMG)
Electromyography (EMG) is an electro-diagnostic medicine technique
for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal
muscles
Peter Konrad. The ABC of EMG. A Practical Introduction to Kinesiological
Electromyography
ELECTROENCEPHALOGR
APHY (EEG)
Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring
method to record electrical activity of the brain
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
Y
(ECG or EKG)
Electrocardiography is the process of recording the electrical activity of
the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin
Electroretinography
(ERG)
Electroretinography measures the electrical responses of various cell
types in the retina, including the photoreceptors (rods and cones), inner
retinal cells (bipolar and amacrine cells), and the ganglion cells.
Electroretinography

http://www.oculist.net/downaton502/prof/ebook/duanes/pages/v3/ch005/004f.html
Structual and Functional
Neuroimaging
(Topic of the second year)
Neuroimaging

Structural neuroimaging Functional neuroimaging


• X-Ray • Functional Magnetic Resonance
• Computed axial tomography Imaging
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Positron Emission Tomography
• Near infrared spectroscopy
(NIRS)
• Magnetoencephalography
• Electroencephalography
X-RAY
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Under the influence of a strong external


magnetic field, the spins are distributed into
two energy states:
• Alignment with (parallel to) the applied
field at a low- energy level,
• Alignment against (antiparallel to) the
field at a slightly higher energy level

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/proton-nuclear-magnetic-
resonance/a/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri
PET
Positron emission
tomography
http://physicsandcalculus.com/2012/how-anti-matter-is-used-in-
medicine

You might also like