KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY

SAHYADRI SCIENCE COLLEGE

Organization of Mammalian Cells

Presented By Under the Guidance of:
Keerthana H P Dr. PRABHAKAR B T
2nd M.Sc. 3rd Sem Associate Professor
Dept of Biotechnology PG Dept of Biotechnology
Sahyadri Science College, Sahyadri Science College
Shivamogga Shivamogga
 Content
 Introduction
 Cell Membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Golgi Apparatus
 Mitochondria
 Lysosomes Cytoskeleton
 Cell Junctions
 Nucleolus
 Vesicals
 Cell Adhesion
 Conclusion
 References
Overview of Mammalian Cells
 Importance of Organization
 Cell Organization: The internal organization of mammalian cells is
crucial for their functions and survival. It involves the arrangement
and coordination of cellular structures and organelles to support
various cellular processes.
 Significance of Organization: Cell organization impacts essential
functions such as metabolism, energy production, signaling, and cell
division. It also contributes to the maintenance of cellular
homeostasis and response to external stimuli.
Cell Membrane: Structure and Function
 Role in Cell Organization
 Cell Membrane Structure: The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer embedded
with proteins, cholesterol, and glycolipids. It forms a selective barrier that separates the internal
and external cellular environments.
 Cell Membrane Function: The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out
of the cell, receives and transmits signals, and participates in cell adhesion and communication. It
plays a central role in controlling the organization and integrity of the cell.
Cytoplasm: Organelles, Cytoskeleton,
Molecular Organization

 Coordination of Cellular Components

 Organelles in Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm contains various
organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, mitochondria, and lysosomes. These organelles are
responsible for specific cellular functions and contribute to
the overall organization of the cell.
 Cytoskeleton and Molecular Organization: The cytoskeleton,
composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate
filaments, provides structural support, facilitates cell
motility, and helps organize intracellular molecular processes.
Nucleus : Structure, Chromatin Organization,
Gene Expression
 Nucleus Structure: The nucleus is the
control center of the cell, containing the
genetic material and regulating cellular
activities.
 Chromatin Organization: Chromatin
consists of DNA, RNA, and proteins, and is
organized into chromosomes during cell
division.
 Gene Expression: The process by which
information from a gene is used in the
synthesis of a functional gene product,
such as a protein.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Structure, Protein
Synthesis, Lipid Metabolism

 Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure: The

endoplasmic reticulum is a network of
membranes involved in the synthesis,
folding, and transport of proteins and lipids.
 Protein Synthesis: The rough endoplasmic
reticulum synthesizes proteins destined for
secretion or insertion into the cell
membrane.
 Lipid Metabolism: The smooth endoplasmic
reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis,
metabolism, and detoxification processes.
Golgi Apparatus: Structure, Protein Modification,
Vesicle Trafficking
 Golgi Apparatus Structure: A series of flattened membrane-bound sacs that receive, modify, and package
proteins and lipids for transport.
 Protein Modification: The Golgi apparatus adds carbohydrates and other molecules to proteins,
modifying them for specific functions.
 Vesicle Trafficking: Vesicles transport materials to and from the Golgi apparatus, facilitating intra- and
intercellular trafficking.
Mitochondria: Structure, Energy Production, Apoptosis
 Mitochondria Structure: Double-membrane-bound organelles that generate energy through oxidative
phosphorylation and store calcium ions.
 Energy Production: Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy currency of the cell,
through aerobic respiration.
 Apoptosis: Mitochondria play a key role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, by releasing apoptotic signalling
molecules.
Lysosomes: Structure, Intracellular Digestion
 Lysosomes Structure: Membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of
waste materials and cellular debris.
 Intracellular Digestion: Lysosomes break down macromolecules and cellular components, playing a
critical role in recycling cellular materials.
Cytoskeleton: Microtubules, Microfilaments,
Intermediate Filaments

 Microtubules: Hollow tubular structures that provide

structural support and serve as tracks for intracellular
transport.
 Microfilaments: Thin filaments involved in cell
movement, maintenance of cell shape, and intracellular
transport.
 Intermediate Filaments: Thread-like filaments that
provide mechanical strength and support to the cell's
structure.
Cell Junctions: Tight Junctions, Gap
Junctions, Desmosomes

 Tight Junctions: Cell junctions that seal adjacent cells

together, forming a barrier that regulates the passage of
substances between cells.
 Gap Junctions: Specialized channels between adjacent
cells that allow the exchange of ions, small molecules,
and signaling molecules.
 Desmosomes: Anchoring junctions that provide strong
adhesion between cells, contributing to the structural
integrity of tissues.
Cell Adhesion: Integrins, Cadherins, Selectins

 Integrins: Transmembrane receptors that mediate cell-

matrix and cell-cell adhesion, playing key roles in cell
signalling and migration.
 Cadherins: Calcium-dependent adhesion proteins that
mediate cell-cell adhesion and regulate tissue
organization and structure.
 Selectins: Cell surface glycoproteins involved in the
adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial
cells during inflammation.
Nucleolus
 The nucleolus is a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary
function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes. The nucleolus is also where
ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed.
Vesicles
 Vesicles can help transport materials that an organism needs to survive and recycle
waste materials. They can also absorb and destroy toxic substances and pathogens to
prevent cell damage and infection.
 Although they are similar to vacuoles, which also store materials, vesicles have their
own unique functions and abilities. For example, they can fuse with the membranes of
other cells to carry out a specific role, such as breaking down another cell.
 Vacuole, Centrioles, Cytosol
 Vacuole: Provide shape and rigidity to the plant
 cell and help in digestion, excretion, and storage
 of substances.

Centrioles: Centrioles are paired barrel-shaped organelles located

in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope.
Centrioles play a role in organizing microtubules that serve
as the cell's skeletal system. They help determine the locations
of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.
 Cytosol: cytosol include transport of molecules across the cell, provide structural support to
the cell organelles, signal transduction to the target compartments, gives a platform for
cellular metabolic processes and reactions.
Conclusion

 Cell Organization Summary: The intricate organization of

organelles, structures, and molecular components within
the cell is essential for its normal function and survival.
 Importance in Cellular Functions: Cell organization
impacts vital cellular functions, including metabolism,
signaling, gene expression, and intracellular transport,
contributing to overall cell homeostasis and function.
References

 Maton, Anthea (1997). Cells Building Blocks of Life New

Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0134234762
 Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Morgan,
David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter
(2015). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland
Science. p. 2
Thank you