Presented by :

KASHAF KHURSHID ABBASI

BS OPTOMETRY
4TH SEMESTER
 The bouncing back of light in the same medium on
striking the surface of an object.
. It is by the small amount of reflected light that we see a
REFLECTIO
glass door and thus avoid walking into it.
N

OF LIGHT
 LAWS OF REFLECTION

(1) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface all
lie in the same plane.(The 'normal' is a line perpendicular to the surface at the
point of reflection.)
(2) (2) Angle of incidence, i, equals the angle of reflection, r.
REFLECTION AT AN IRREGULAR SURFACE
When parallel light encounters an irregular surface, it is scattered in many directions.

It is by diffuse
reflection that
most objects
(except self-
luminous ones)
are seen, e.g.
furniture,
REFLECTION AT PLACE SURFACES
Light from object O is reflected at
the surface according to the laws of
reflection. If the
reflected rays are produced behind
the surface, they all intersect at point
I, the image of object O.
The brain always assumes that an
object is situated in the direction
from which light enters the eye.
Light from object O appears to come
from point I, the image of O.
However, if the observer actually
goes to point I, there is no real image
present: it could not be captured on a screen. Such images are called virtual. Images which can be
captured on a screen are called real images.
A real image is formed when rays converge, whereas a virtual image occurs when rays only appear
to diverge
 Reflection at Spherical Reflecting Surfaces
A reflecting surface having the form of a portion of a sphere is called a spherical mirror. If the
reflecting surface lies on the inside of the curve, it is a concave mirror. If the reflecting surface lies on the
outside of the curve, the mirror is a convex mirror
us .The image formed by the concave mirror is real while that formed by the convex mirror is virtual
. Four rules
 The theory of curved mirrors has a major clinical
CLINICAL application. The anterior surface of the cornea
APPLICATION acts as a convex mirror and is used as such by the
standard instruments employed to measure
corneal curvature.
 REFRACTION

Refraction is defined as the change in direction of light when it passes from

one transparent medium into another of different optical density. The
incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.
The velocity of light varies according to the density of the medium through
which it travels. The more dense the medium the slower the light passes
through it.
When a beam of light strikes the interface
separating a less dense medium from a
denser one , the edge of the beam which
arrives first, A, is retarded on entering the
denser medium.
The opposite side of the beam, B, is
meanwhile continuing at its original velocity.
The beam is thus
deviated as indicated in being bent towards
the normal (the 'normal' being a line
perpendicular
to the interface at the point of refraction) as it
enters the denser medium.
Refraction of light is one of the most commonly observed phenomena, but other waves like
sound waves and water waves also experience refraction. Refraction makes it possible for
us to have optical instruments such as magnifying glasses, lenses and prisms. It is also
because of the refraction of light that we are able to focus light on our retina.
The refraction of light in glass is shown in the
figure above. When light travels from air into
glass, the light slows down and changes
direction slightly. When light travels from a
less dense substance to a denser substance,
the refracted light bends more towards the
normal line. If the light wave approaches the
boundary in a perpendicular direction, the
light ray doesn’t refract despite the change in
speed.
 Laws of
refraction

Laws of refraction state that:

The incident ray refracted ray, and the normal to the interface of
two media at the point of incidence all lie on the same plane.
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the
angle of refraction is constant. This is also known as Snell’s law of
refraction.
1
μ2 = 1n2 sin i / sin r
where,
i is the angle of incidence in 1st medium,
r is the angle of refraction in 2nd medium, and
1
n2 is the relative refractive index.
 REFRACTION Of LIGHT AT CURVED SURFACES
Light passing across a curved interface between
two media of different refractive indices obeys
Snell’s
Law. A convex spherical curved surface causes
parallel light to converge to a focus if n2
is greater than N1
, or to diverge as from a point focus if n2
is less than n1
The refracting power or vergence power of such
a surface is given by the formula
Surface power= n1 –n2/r
 The ratio of the sine of
the angle of incidence to
the sine of the angle of
refraction is a constant,
for the light of a given
colour and for the given
pair of media
 DISPERSION OF
LIGHT

White light is composed of various

wavelengths. In fact, the refractive index of any
medium differs slightly for light of different
wavelengths.
Light of shorter wavelength is deviated more
than light of longer wavelength, e.g. blue light
is deviated more than red. The refractive index
of a material is normally taken to mean that for
the yellow sodium flame.
The angle formed between the red and blue
light around the yellow indicates the dispersive
power of the medium . This is not related to the
refractive index of the material.
 Refractive index
Ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of the light in the medium.
n=c/v

n is the refractive index

c is the velocity of light in a vacuum ( 3 × 10 8 m/s)
v is the velocity of light in a substance
calculate the refractive index, the speed of light is considered in two mediums. The symbol "n" denotes the refractive index
Speed of Light in the 1st medium – V1
Speed of light in the 2nd Medium- v2
Now, the refractive index (n) of 2nd medium with respect to 1st medium is:-
n21= Speed of Light in 1st medium/ Speed of light in 2nd medium
Or, we can say:-n21 = v1/v2
Now, the refractive index (n) of 1st medium with respect to 2nd medium is:
- n12 =. Speed of Light in 2nd medium/ Speed of light in 1st medium
Or, we can say:-n12 = v2 / v1
The refractive index of the Vacuum is 1.
The higher the refractive index, the denser
the medium is, and the slower the speed of
light is. The Refractive index of some
common mediums is given below in the
table:
ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX
As mentioned before, to calculate the refractive index, two different mediums are
considered. But, when one of the two mediums is considered a vacuum, then the refractive
index of the second medium, concerning the first medium, is known as Absolute Refractive
Index. The symbol n denotes the absolute Refractive Index.
Therefore, n = Speed of Light in Vacuum/Speed of light in the medium
The speed of the light is faster in a vacuum compared to the speed of the light in air
n = Speed of Light in Air/ Speed of light in given medium
For example, the water refractive index is 1.33, which means the speed of light in water is
1.33 times lesser than the speed of light in a vacuum.