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The Cell

The document describes the structure and function of the major organelles in plant and animal cells. It explains that organelles are subunits within cells that perform specialized functions, similar to how organs function within the body. It then provides details on the structure, location, and role of key organelles, such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and others. It compares and contrasts the organelles present in plant versus animal cells.

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44 views25 pages

The Cell

The document describes the structure and function of the major organelles in plant and animal cells. It explains that organelles are subunits within cells that perform specialized functions, similar to how organs function within the body. It then provides details on the structure, location, and role of key organelles, such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and others. It compares and contrasts the organelles present in plant versus animal cells.

Uploaded by

maryshealsheal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE CELL

The Basic Unit of Life


PARTS OF THE CELL
OBJECTIVE:

• Describe the structure


and function of major
and subcellular
organelles
Organelles
Is a specialized
subunit, usually within
a cell, that has a
specific function. The
name organelle comes
from the idea that
these structures are
parts of cells, as
organs are to the
body.
Organelles
Cell membrane or Plasma membrane
structure: double-layered, fluid sheet of phospholipid
- Is a biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a
cell.
- In animals, the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the
cell, while in the plants and prokaryotes it is usually covered by a
cell wall.
Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleus
structure: double-membrane compartment
• Is spherical and separated from the cytoplasm by a double
membrane called the nuclear envelope.

• A cell’s information system

• “control center of the cell”

• Found only in a Eukaryotic cell

• It houses the cells chromosomes, and is the place where


almost DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur
Nucleolus
structure: protein-DNA-RNA
Nucleolus

is mainly involved in the


assembly of ribosomes.
After being produced in the
nucleolus, ribosomes are
exported to the cytoplasm
where they are involved in
the synthesis of proteins.
Nucleus
Nuclear pores

• Tiny holes,
called nuclear pores,
allow large molecules to
pass through the nuclear
envelope with the help of
special proteins.
Cytoplasm

• it comprises the organelles


• Most cellular activities occur here, such as many
metabolic pathways including glycolysis, and process
such as cell division.

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Nucleus
Mitochondria
structure: double-membrane compartment

• The “powerhouses” of the cell


• Respiration occurs in the cell mitochondria, which uses
oxygen to release energy stored in cellular nutrients to
generate ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).

Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
structure: single-membrane compartment
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a transport network for
molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific
destinations
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Two kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (RER)
- which has the ribosomes
- Transport protein in small
sacs called transport
vesicle

Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
- which lacks ribosomes
- lipid synthesis, calcium
ion storage, and drug
detoxification
Golgi Apparatus
structure: single-membrane compartment
The primary function of Golgi apparatus is to process and
package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids
that are synthesized by the cells.

Golgi Apparatus
• The Golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, and
packages different
substances for
secretion out of
the cell, or for use
within the cell.

• it modifies proteins that


have been delivered in
transport vesicles from
the Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum.
Vesicle
structure: single-membrane compartment
• Material transport
• transport contents between organelle as well as
between cell exterior and interior.

Other types of vesicles:


• Lysosomes, which use enzymes to break down foreign
matter and dead cells.
• Peroxisomes, which use oxygen to break down poisons.
Lysosomes
structure: single-membrane compartment
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes.
• They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles,
and engulf viruses or bacteria.

Lysosomes
Vacuoles
structure: single-membrane compartment

• Sequester waste product and in plant cells stores water

Plant Cell Animal Cell


Ribosomes
structure: RNA-protein
• It is the site of protein synthesis
• Ribosomes can be found either floating freely or bound to
a membrane.
Centrioles
structure: microtubule protein

• are organelles involved in cell division

• found only in animal cell

• help organize the chromosomes


before cell division occurs so that each
daughter cell has the correct number
of chromosomes after the cell divides

• The centriole is cylindrical in shape


and consists of many microtubules
Cell wall
structure: various
• Present in plant cell, and bacteria
• The cell wall acts to protect the cell mechanically and
chemically from its environment, and is an additional layer
of protection to the cell membrane.
Cell wall

Cell wall

Cell
membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
structure: double-membrane compartment

• Can only be found in plants and algae


• They capture the sun’s energy to make carbohydrates
through the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
Cell Parts Animal Cell Plant Cell
Cell membrane present present
Cell wall absent present
Cytoplasm present absent
Nucleous present present
Nucleolus present present
Endoplasmic Reticulum present present
Ribosomes present present
Golgi Apparatus present present
Mitochondria present present
Chloroplast absent present
Vacoule Present (one or more, small) Present (one, large, center)

Lysosomes present not evident


Peroxisomes present present
Transport Vesicles present present
Centrioles present absent

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