Microprocessor

CPU
Based System
External RAM, ROM, I/O
(No internal RAM, ROM, I/O ports in the CPU)

8051 Microcontroller 2
 Microcontroller

• A smaller computer on a CHIP

• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, Timer, Serial Controller…
• Example: Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Atmel 32

8051 Microcontroller 3
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller
• CPU is stand-alone, RAM, • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
ROM, I/O, timer are separate timer are all on a single chip
• Designer can decide on the • Fixed amount of on-chip
amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ROM, RAM, I/O ports df
ports. dfdfdfdfdfdfdf
• Expansive • Not Expansive
• Versatility • Single-purpose
• General-purpose
• Special Purpose.
4
C based Embedded Systems
• Special purpose computer system usually completely inside
the device it controls
• Has specific requirements and performs pre-defined tasks
• Cost reduction compared to general purpose processor
• Different design criteria
• Performance
• Reliability
• Availability
• Safety

8051 Microcontroller 5
Embedded Systems Examples

8051 Microcontroller 6
Examples

8051 Microcontroller 7
8051 Microcontroller 8
8051 Microcontroller 9
8051 Microcontroller 10
8051 Microcontroller 11
Harvard Architecture

In Harvard Architecture the data and instructions are

stored in separate memory units each with their own bus.
Advantages:
 Speeding up the data transfer rate,
 Permits the designer to implement different bus widths
and word sizes for program and data memory space.

8051 Microcontroller 12
8051 CPU Operation
1. Features
2. Pin Diagram
3. Block Diagram

8051 Microcontroller 13
 8051 Microcontroller
• Intel introduced 8051, referred as MCS- 51, in 1981.

• The 8051 is an 8-bit processor

• The CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time

• The 8051 became widely popular after allowing

other manufactures to make and market any flavor
of the 8051.

8051 Microcontroller 14
Features of 8051
8 bit Processor
4KB Internal ROM
128 Bytes Internal RAM
Four 8 BIT I/O PORTS (32 I/O LINES)
Two 16 Bit Timers/Counters
On Chip Full Duplex UART for Serial Communication
5 Vector Interrupts ( 2 External, 3 Internal - Timer0,Timer1,Serial)
On Chip Clock Oscillator
16 bit Address bus
64k External Code Memory
64k External Data Memory
16-bit program counter to access external Code Memory and
16 bit Data Pointer to access external Data Memory
128 user defined flags
32 General Purpose Registers each of 8 bits

8051 Microcontroller 15
 8051 Family
• The 8051 is a subset of the 8052
• The 8031 is a ROM-less 8051
• Add external ROM to it
• You lose two ports, and leave only 2 ports for I/O operations

8051 Microcontroller 16
Pin Diagram

8051 Microcontroller 17
Block Diagram of 8051

8051 Microcontroller 18
Separate read instructions for external data and code memory.
Pin Description of the 8051

• 8051 family members (e.g., 8751, 89C51, 89C52, DS89C4x0)

• Have 40 pins dedicated for various functions such as I/O, RD, WR, address,
data, and interrupts.
• Come in different packages, such as
• DIP(dual in-line package),
• QFP(quad flat package), and
• LLC(leadless chip carrier)

• Some companies provide a 20-pin version of the 8051 with a reduced

number of I/O ports for less demanding applications

8051 Microcontroller 20
 XTAL1 and XTAL2
• The 8051 has an on-chip oscillator but requires an external crystal to run it
• A quartz crystal oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 (pin19) and XTAL2 (pin18)
• The quartz crystal oscillator also needs two capacitors of 30 pF value
• The original 8051 operates at 12 MHZ

8051 Microcontroller 21
 XTAL1 and XTAL2 …..
• If you use a frequency source other than a crystal oscillator, such as a TTL
oscillator:
• It will be connected to XTAL1
• XTAL2 is left unconnected

8051 Microcontroller 22
 RST
• RESET pin is an input and is active high (normally low)
• Upon applying a high pulse to this pin, the microcontroller will reset
and terminate all activities
• This is often referred to as a power-on reset
• Activating a power-on reset will cause all values in the registers to
be lost

8051 Microcontroller 23
EA’
• EA’, “external access’’, is an input pin and must be connected to Vcc or
GND

• The 8051 family members all come with on-chip ROM to store programs
and also have an external code and data memory.

• Normally EA pin is connected to Vcc (Internal Access)

• EA pin must be connected to GND to indicate that the code or data is

stored externally.

8051 Microcontroller 24
 PSEN’ and ALE
• PSEN, “program store enable’’, is an output pin

• This pin is connected to the OE pin of the external memory.

• For External Code Memory, PSEN’ = 0

• For External Data Memory, PSEN’ = 1

• ALE pin is used for demultiplexing the address and data.

8051 Microcontroller 25
I/O Port Pins
• The four 8-bit I/O ports P0, P1, P2
and P3 each uses 8 pins.
• All the ports upon RESET are
configured as output, ready to be
used as input ports by the external
device.

8051 Microcontroller 26
Port 0
• Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7.

• When connecting an 8051 to an external memory, port 0

provides both address and data.

• The 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to

save pins.

• ALE indicates if P0 has address or data.

• When ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7
• When ALE=1, it has address A0-A7

8051 Microcontroller 27
Port 1 and Port 2
• In 8051-based systems with no external memory
connection:
• Both P1 and P2 are used as simple I/O.
• In 8051-based systems with external memory
connections:
• Port 2 must be used along with P0 to provide the 16-bit address
for the external memory.
• P0 provides the lower 8 bits via A0 – A7.
• P2 is used for the upper 8 bits of the 16-bit address, designated
as A8 – A15, and it cannot be used for I/O.

8051 Microcontroller 28
Port 3
• Port 3 can be used as input or output.

• Port 3 has the additional function of

providing some extremely important
signals

8051 Microcontroller 29
PinPINDescription
TYPE
Summary
NAME AND FUNCTION
Vss I Ground: 0 V reference.
Vcc I Power Supply: This is the power supply voltage for normal,
idle, and power-down operation.
P0.0 - P0.7 I/O Port 0: Port 0 is an open-drain, bi-directional I/O port. Port
0 is also the multiplexed low-order address and data bus
during accesses to external program and data memory.
P1.0 - P1.7 I/O Port 1: Port I is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port.

P2.0 - P2.7 I/O Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O. Port 2 emits the
high order address byte during fetches from external
program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that use 16 bit addresses.
P3.0 - P3.7 I/O Port 3: Port 3 is an 8 bit bidirectional I/O port. Port 3 also
serves special features as explained.

8051 Microcontroller 30

Suresh.P.Nair , HOD - ECE , RCET

Pin
PINDescription
TYPE Summary
NAME AND FUNCTION
RST I Reset: A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the
oscillator is running, resets the device.
ALE O Address Latch Enable: Output pulse for latching the low byte
of the address during an access to external memory.
PSEN* O Program Store Enable: The read strobe to external program
memory. When executing code from the external program
memory, PSEN* is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN* activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA*/VPP I External Access Enable/Programming Supply Voltage: EA*
must be externally held low to enable the device to fetch
code from external program memory locations. If EA* Is
held high, the device executes from internal program
memory. This pin also receives the programming supply
voltage Vpp during Flash programming. (applies for 89c5x
MCU's)

8051 Microcontroller 31
General Block Diagram of 8051

Interrupt 4K 128 B Timer 0

Control ROM RAM Timer 1

CPU

Bus Serial
OSC 4 I/O Ports
Control Port

TXD RXD
P0 P1 P2 P3
Detailed Block Diagram

8051 Microcontroller 33

Suresh.P.Nair , HOD - ECE , RCET

8051
Memory Space

8051 Microcontroller 34
 8051 Memory Structure
External

External
60K

64K 64K

SFR

EXT INT 4K
128
EA = 0 EA = 1 Internal

Program Memory
8051 Microcontroller Data Memory 35
Internal RAM Structure

Direct
Addressing
Only
SFR [ Special Function
Direct & Registers]
Indirect
Addressing
128 Byte Internal RAM

8051 Microcontroller 36
Special Function Registers [SFR]

8051 Microcontroller 37
 Program Status Word [PSW]

C AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV F1 P
Carry Parity
Auxiliary Carry User Flag 1

User Flag 0 Register Bank Select Overflow

8051 Microcontroller 38
8051 instructions that affects flag

8051 Microcontroller 39
 128 Byte RAM
• There are 128 bytes of RAM in the 8051.
• Assigned addresses 00 to 7FH
• The 128 bytes are divided into 3 different groups as General Purpose
follows: Area
1. A total of 32 bytes from locations 00 to 1F hex are set aside
for register banks and the stack.
2. A total of 16 bytes from locations 20H to 2FH are set aside BIT Addressable
for bit-addressable read/write memory. Area
3. A total of 80 bytes from locations 30H to 7FH are used for 128 BYTE
read and write storage, called scratch pad. INTERNAL RAM
Reg Bank 3

Reg Bank 2
Register Banks
Reg Bank 1

Reg Bank 0

8051 Microcontroller 40
8051 RAM with addresses

8051 Microcontroller 41
8051 Register Bank Structure

Bank 3 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
Bank 2 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
Bank 1 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
Bank 0 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

8051 Microcontroller 42
8051 Register Banks with address

8051 Microcontroller 43
8051 Programming Model

8051 Microcontroller 44
8051 Stack

• The stack is a section of RAM used by the CPU to store information

temporarily.
• This information could be data or an address

• The register used to access the stack is called the SP (stack pointer)
register
• The stack pointer in the 8051 is only 8 bit wide, which means that it can take
value of 00 to FFH
• When the 8051 is powered up, the SP register contains value 07
• RAM location 08 is the first location begin used for the stack by the 8051

8051 Microcontroller 45
8051 Stack

• The storing of a CPU register in the stack is called a PUSH

• SP is pointing to the last used location of the stack
• As we push data onto the stack, the SP is incremented by one
• This is different from many microprocessors

• Loading the contents of the stack back into a CPU register is called a
POP
• With every pop, the top byte of the stack is copied to the register specified
by the instruction and the stack pointer is decremented once

8051 Microcontroller 46
Bit Addressable & Byte Addressable

8051 Microcontroller 47
Single bit Instructions

8051 Microcontroller 48
 Bit Addressable Programming
• Example: Find out to which by each of the following bits belongs. Give the
address of the RAM byte in hex
(a) SETB 42H, (b) CLR 67H, (c) CLR 0FH (d) SETB 28H, (e) CLR 12, (f) SETB 05

8051 Microcontroller 49
8051 Software Overview
1. Addressing Modes
2. Instruction Set
3. Programming

8051 Microcontroller 50
8051 Addressing Modes

• The CPU can access data in various ways, which are called addressing
modes

1. Immediate
2. Register
3. Direct
4. Register indirect
5. External Direct

8051 Microcontroller 51
 Immediate Addressing Mode
• The source operand is a constant.
• The immediate data must be preceded by the pound sign, “#”
• Can load information into any registers, including 16-bit DPTR
register
• DPTR can also be accessed as two 8-bit registers, the high byte DPH and
low byte DPL

8051 Microcontroller 52
 Register
• Use registers Addressing
to hold Mode
the data to be manipulated.

• The source and destination registers must match in size.

MOV DPTR,A will give an error

• The movement of data between Rn registers is not allowed

MOV R4,R7 is invalid
8051 Microcontroller 53
 Direct Addressing Mode
• It is most often used the direct addressing mode to access RAM locations 30 –
7FH.

• The entire 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed.

• Contrast this with immediate addressing mode, there is no “#” sign in the
operand.

8051 Microcontroller 54

Suresh.P.Nair , HOD - ECE , RCET

SFR Registers & their Addresses

MOV 0E0H,#55H ;is the same as

MOV A,#55H ;which means load 55H into A (A=55H)

MOV 0F0H,#25H ;is the same as

MOV B,#25H ;which means load 25H into B (B=25H)

MOV 0E0H,R2 ;is the same as

MOV A,R2 ;which means copy R2 into A

MOV 0F0H,R0 ;is the same as

MOV B,R0 ;which means copy R0 into B
Mr. P. Suresh Venugopal 55

Intel 8051 Programming

SFR Addresses ( 1 of 2 )

56

Intel 8051 Programming

SFR Addresses ( 2 of 2 )

57

Intel 8051 Programming

 58

Intel 8051 Programming

 Stack and Direct Addressing Mode
• Only direct addressing mode is allowed for pushing or popping the stack.

• PUSH A is invalid.

• Pushing the accumulator onto the stack must be coded as PUSH 0E0H.

8051 Microcontroller 59
 Register Indirect Addressing Mode
• A register is used as a pointer to the data.
• Only register R0 and R1 are used for this purpose.
• R2 – R7 cannot be used to hold the address of an operand located in RAM.
• When R0 and R1 hold the addresses of RAM locations, they must be
preceded by the “@” sign.

8051 Microcontroller 60
 Register Indirect Addressing Mode
• Write a program to copy the value 55H into RAM memory locations 40H to
41H using (a) direct addressing mode, (b) register indirect addressing
mode without a loop, and (c) with a loop.

8051 Microcontroller 61
 Register Indirect Addressing Mode
• The advantage is that it makes accessing data dynamic rather than static as in
direct addressing mode.

• Looping is not possible in direct addressing mode.

• Write a program to clear 16 RAM locations starting at RAM address 60H.

8051 Microcontroller 62
External Direct

• External Memory is accessed.

• There are only two commands that use External Direct addressing
mode:
• MOVX A, @DPTR
MOVX @DPTR, A

• DPTR must first be loaded with the address of external memory.

8051 Microcontroller 63
8051 Instruction Set

• 8051 instructions have 8-bit opcode

• There are 256 possible instructions of which 255 are
• implemented

8051 Microcontroller 64

Suresh.P.Nair , HOD - ECE , RCET

MOV Instruction

• MOV destination, source ; copy source to destination.

• MOV A,#55H ;load value 55H into reg. A

MOV R0,A ;copy contents of A into R0
;(now A=R0=55H)
MOV R1,A ;copy contents of A into R1
;(now A=R0=R1=55H)
MOV R2,A ;copy contents of A into R2
;(now A=R0=R1=R2=55H)
MOV R3,#95H ;load value 95H into R3
;(now R3=95H)
MOV A,R3 ;copy contents of R3 into A
;now A=R3=95H
Mr. P. Suresh Venugopal 65

Intel 8051 Programming

ADD Instruction

• ADD A, source ;ADD the source operand to

the accumulator

• MOV A, #25H ;load 25H into A

MOV R2,#34H ;load 34H into R2
ADD A,R2 ;add R2 to accumulator
;(A = A + R2)
Mr. P. Suresh Venugopal 66

Intel 8051 Programming

Structure of Assembly Language
ORG 0H ;start (origin) at location 0
MOV R5,#25H ;load 25H into R5
MOV R7,#34H ;load 34H into R7
MOV A,#0 ;load 0 into A
ADD A,R5 ;add contents of R5 to A
;now A = A + R5
ADD A,R7 ;add contents of R7 to A
;now A = A + R7
ADD A,#12H ;add to A value 12H
;now A = A + 12H
HERE: SJMP HERE ;stay in this loop
END ;end of asm source file
Mr. P. Suresh Venugopal 67

Intel 8051 Programming

Data Types & Directives
ORG 500H
DATA1: DB 28 ;DECIMAL (1C in Hex)
DATA2: DB 00110101B ;BINARY (35 in Hex)
DATA3: DB 39H ;HEX
ORG 510H
DATA4: DB “2591” ; ASCII NUMBERS
ORG 518H
DATA6: DB “My name is Joe” ;ASCII CHARACTERS

68

Intel 8051 Programming

ADD Instruction and PSW

69

Intel 8051 Programming

ADD Instruction and PSW

70

Intel 8051 Programming

 Multiplication of Unsigned Numbers
MUL AB ; A  B, place 16-bit result in B and A

MOV A,#25H ;load 25H to reg. A

MOV B,#65H ;load 65H in reg. B
MUL AB ;25H * 65H = E99 where B = 0EH and A =
99H

Table 6-1:Unsigned Multiplication Summary (MUL AB)

Multiplication Operand 1 Operand 2 Result

byte  byte A B A=low byte,

B=high byte

71

Intel 8051 Programming

 Division of Unsigned Numbers
DIV AB ; divide A by B
• MOV A,#95H ;load 95 into A
• MOV B,#10H ;load 10 into B
• DIV AB ;now A = 09 (quotient) and B = 05
(remainder)

Table 6-2:Unsigned Division Summary (DIV AB)

Division Numerator Denominator Quotient Remainder
byte / byte A B A B

72
Checking an input bit
JNB (jump if no bit) ; JB (jump if bit = 1)

8051 Microcontroller 73
Switch Register Banks

74

Intel 8051 Programming

Pushing onto Stack

75

Intel 8051 Programming

Popping from Stack

76

Intel 8051 Programming

Looping

77

Intel 8051 Programming

Loop inside a Loop (Nested Loop)

78

Intel 8051 Programming

8051 Conditional Jump Instructions

79

Intel 8051 Programming

8051 Microcontroller 80
Conditional Jump Example

81

Intel 8051 Programming

Conditional Jump Example

82

Intel 8051 Programming

Unconditional Jump Instructions
• All conditional jumps are short jumps
• Target address within -128 to +127 of PC

• LJMP (long jump): 3-byte instruction

• 2-byte target address: 0000 to FFFFH
• Original 8051 has only 4KB on-chip ROM

• SJMP (short jump): 2-byte instruction

• 1-byte relative address: -128 to +127

Mr. P. Suresh Venugopal 83

Intel 8051 Programming

Call Instructions
• LCALL (long call): 3-byte instruction
• 2-byte address
• Target address within 64K-byte range

• ACALL (absolute call): 2-byte instruction

• 11-bit address
• Target address within 2K-byte range

Mr. P. Suresh Venugopal 84

Intel 8051 Programming

Separate read instructions for external data and code memory.
Return
8051 Peripheral Overview
1. Timers
2. Serial Port
3. Interrupts

8051 Microcontroller 87
8051 TIMERS

8051 Microcontroller 88
 8051 Timer/Counter
OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TLx THx TFx
(8 Bit) (8 Bit) (1 Bit)
C /T 1

T PIN
INTERRUPT
TR

Gate

INT PIN
8051 Microcontroller 89
 TMOD Register

GATE:
When set, timer/counter x is enabled, if INTx pin is high and TRx
is set.
When cleared, timer/counter x is enabled, if TRx bit set.

C/T*:
When set, counter operation (input from Tx input pin).
When cleared, timer operation (input from internal clock).
8051 Microcontroller 90
TMOD Register

The TMOD byte is not bit addressable.

8051 Microcontroller 91
TCON Register

8051 Microcontroller 92
 8051 TIMERS
8051 Timer Modes

Timer 0 Timer 1

Mode 0 Mode 0

Mode 1 Mode 1

Mode 2 Mode 2

Mode 3

8051 Microcontroller 93
 TIMER 0
OSC ÷12
C /T  0
TL0 TH0 TF0
C /T 1

T 0 PIN
TR 0 INTERRUPT

Gate

INT 0 PIN
 TIMER 0 – Mode 0
13 Bit Timer / Counter

OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TL0 TH0 INTERRUPT
TF0
(5 Bit) (8 Bit)
C /T 1

T 0 PIN
TR 0

Gate

INT 0 PIN

Maximum Count = 1FFFh (0001111111111111)

 TIMER 0 – Mode 1
16 Bit Timer / Counter

OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TL0 TH0 INTERRUPT
TF0
(8 Bit) (8 Bit)
C /T 1

T 0 PIN
TR 0

Gate

INT 0 PIN

Maximum Count = FFFFh (1111111111111111)

 TIMER 0 – Mode 2
8 Bit Timer / Counter with AUTORELOAD

OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TL0 TH0 INTERRUPT
TF0
(8 Bit) (8 Bit)
C /T 1

T 0 PIN
TR 0

Gate Reload

INT 0 PIN

TH0
(8 Bit)

Maximum Count = FFh (11111111)

 TIMER 0 – Mode 3
Two - 8 Bit Timer / Counter

OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TL0 INTERRUPT
TF0
(8 Bit)
C /T 1

T 0 PIN
TR 0

Gate

INT 0 PIN

OSC ÷12 TH0 INTERRUPT

TF1
(8 Bit)

TR1
 TIMER 1
OSC ÷12
C /T  0
TL1 TH1 TF1
C /T 1

T 1PIN
INTERRUPT
TR1

Gate

INT 1 PIN
 TIMER 1 – Mode 0
13 Bit Timer / Counter

OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TL1 TH1 INTERRUPT
TF1
(5 Bit) (8 Bit)
C /T 1

T 1PIN
TR1

Gate

INT 1 PIN

Maximum Count = 1FFFh (0001111111111111)

 TIMER 1 – Mode 1
16 Bit Timer / Counter

OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TL1 TH1 INTERRUPT
TF1
(8 Bit) (8 Bit)
C /T 1

T 1PIN
TR1

Gate

INT 1 PIN

Maximum Count = FFFFh (1111111111111111)

 TIMER 1 – Mode 2
8 Bit Timer / Counter with AUTORELOAD

OSC ÷12
C /T  0 TL1 TH1 INTERRUPT
TF1
(8 Bit) (8 Bit)
C /T 1

T 1PIN
TR1

Gate Reload

INT 1 PIN

TH1
(8 Bit)

Maximum Count = FFh (11111111)

Programming Timers

• Example: Indicate which mode and which timer are selected for each
of the following.
(a) MOV TMOD, #01H (b) MOV TMOD, #20H (c) MOV TMOD, #12H

• Solution: We convert the value from hex to binary.

(a) TMOD = 00000001, mode 1 of timer 0 is selected.
(b) TMOD = 00100000, mode 2 of timer 1 is selected.
(c) TMOD = 00010010, mode 2 of timer 0, and mode 1 of timer 1
are selected.

8051 Microcontroller 103

 Programming Timers
• Find the timer’s clock frequency and its period for various 8051-based
system, with the crystal frequency 11.0592 MHz when C/T bit of TMOD is 0.

• Solution:

1/12 × 11.0529 MHz = 921.6 MHz;

T = 1/921.6 kHz = 1.085 us

8051 Microcontroller 104

8051
Serial
Port

8051 Microcontroller 105

 Basics of Serial Communication
• Computers transfer data in two ways:
• Parallel: Often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device
that is only a few feet away.

• Serial: To transfer to a device located many meters away, the serial method is used.
The data is sent one bit at a time.

8051 Microcontroller 106

 Basics of Serial Communication
• Serial data communication uses two methods
• Synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time

• Asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time

• There are special IC’s made by many manufacturers for serial

communications.
• UART (universal asynchronous Receiver transmitter)

• USART (universal synchronous-asynchronous Receiver-transmitter)

8051 Microcontroller 107

Asynchronous – Start & Stop Bit

• Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used for

character-oriented transmissions
• Each character is placed in between start and stop bits, this is called framing.
• Block-oriented data transfers use the synchronous method.

• The start bit is always one bit, but the stop bit can be one or two
bits

• The start bit is always a 0 (low) and the stop bit(s) is 1 (high)

8051 Microcontroller 108

Asynchronous – Start & Stop Bit

8051 Microcontroller 109

 Data Transfer Rate
• The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is stated in bps (bits
per second).

• Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate.

• It is modem terminology and is defined as the number of signal changes per second
• In modems, there are occasions when a single change of signal transfers several bits of
data

• As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the baud rate and bps are the
same.

8051 Microcontroller 110

 8051 Serial Port
• Synchronous and Asynchronous
• SCON Register is used to Control
• Data Transfer through TXd & RXd pins
• Some time - Clock through TXd Pin
• Four Modes of Operation:

Mode 0 :Synchronous Serial Communication

Mode 1 :8-Bit UART with Timer Data Rate
Mode 2 :9-Bit UART with Set Data Rate
Mode 3 :9-Bit UART with Timer Data Rate
8051 Microcontroller 111
Registers related to Serial Communication

1. SBUF Register

2. SCON Register

3. PCON Register

8051 Microcontroller 112

SBUF Register

• SBUF is an 8-bit register used solely for serial

communication.
• For a byte data to be transferred via the TxD line, it must be
placed in the SBUF register.
• The moment a byte is written into SBUF, it is framed with the
start and stop bits and transferred serially via the TxD line.
• SBUF holds the byte of data when it is received by 8051 RxD
line.
• When the bits are received serially via RxD, the 8051
deframes it by eliminating the stop and start bits, making a
byte out of the data received, and then placing it in SBUF.
8051 Microcontroller 113
 SBUF Register
• Sample Program:

8051 Microcontroller 114

SCON Register

SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI

Set when a Cha-

ractor received
Set to Enable
Serial Data
reception Set when Stop bit Txed

Enable Multiprocessor 9th Data Bit 9th Data Bit

Communication Mode Sent in Mode 2,3 Received in Mode 2,3

8051 Microcontroller 115

 8051 Serial Port – Mode 0
The Serial Port in Mode-0 has the following features:

1. Serial data enters and exits through RXD

2. TXD outputs the clock

3. 8 bits are transmitted / received

4. The baud rate is fixed at (1/12) of the oscillator frequency

8051 Microcontroller 116

 8051 Serial Port – Mode 1
The Serial Port in Mode-1 has the following features:

1. Serial data enters through RXD

2. Serial data exits through TXD
3. On receive, the stop bit goes into RB8 in SCON
4. 10 bits are transmitted / received
1. Start bit (0)
2. Data bits (8)
3. Stop Bit (1)
5. Baud rate is determined by the Timer 1 over flow rate.

8051 Microcontroller 117

8051 Serial Port – Mode 2
The Serial Port in Mode-2 has the following features:

1. Serial data enters through RXD

2. Serial data exits through TXD
3. 9th data bit (TB8) can be assign value 0 or 1
4. On receive, the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in SCON
5. 11 bits are transmitted / received
1.Start bit (0)
2.Data bits (9)
3.Stop Bit (1)
6. Baud rate is programmable

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8051 Serial Port – Mode 3
The Serial Port in Mode-3 has the following features:

1. Serial data enters through RXD

2. Serial data exits through TXD
3. 9th data bit (TB8) can be assign value 0 or 1
4. On receive, the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in SCON
5. 11 bits are transmitted / received
1.Start bit (0)
2.Data bits (9)
3.Stop Bit (1)
6. Baud rate is determined by Timer 1 overflow rate.

8051 Microcontroller 119

 Programming
1. TMOD Serial
register is loaded with theData Transmission
value 20H, indicating the use of timer 1
in mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload) to set baud rate.
2. The TH1 is loaded with one of the values to set baud rate for serial data
transfer.
3. The SCON register is loaded with the value 50H, indicating serial mode 1,
where an 8- bit data is framed with start and stop bits.
4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1
5. TI is cleared by CLR TI instruction
6. The character byte to be transferred serially is written into SBUF register.
7. The TI flag bit is monitored with the use of instruction JNB TI, xx to see if
the character has been transferred completely.
8. To transfer the next byte, go to step 5

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 Programming
1. TMOD Serial
register is loaded with theData Reception
value 20H, indicating the use of timer 1
in mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload) to set baud rate.
2. TH1 is loaded to set baud rate
3. The SCON register is loaded with the value 50H, indicating serial mode 1,
where an 8- bit data is framed with start and stop bits.
4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1
5. RI is cleared by CLR RI instruction
6. The RI flag bit is monitored with the use of instruction JNB RI, xx to see if
an entire character has been received yet
7. When RI is raised, SBUF has the byte, its contents are moved into a safe
place.
8. To receive the next character, go to step 5.

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 Doubling Baud Rate
• There are two ways to increase the baud rate of data transfer
1. By using a higher frequency crystal
2. By changing a bit in the PCON register

• PCON register is an 8-bit register.

• When 8051 is powered up, SMOD is zero

• We can set it to high by software and thereby double the baud rate.

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Doubling Baud Rate (cont…)

8051 Microcontroller 123

Suresh.P.Nair , HOD - ECE , RCET

8051 Interrupts

8051 Microcontroller 124

INTERRUPTS

• An interrupt is an external or internal event that interrupts the

microcontroller to inform it that a device needs its service

• A single microcontroller can serve several devices by two ways:

1. Interrupt
2. Polling

8051 Microcontroller 125

 Interrupt Vs Polling
1. Interrupts
• Whenever any device needs its service, the device notifies the microcontroller by
sending it an interrupt signal.
• Upon receiving an interrupt signal, the microcontroller interrupts whatever it is doing
and serves the device.
• The program which is associated with the interrupt is called the interrupt service
routine (ISR) or interrupt handler.
2. Polling
• The microcontroller continuously monitors the status of a given device.
• When the conditions met, it performs the service.
• After that, it moves on to monitor the next device until every one is serviced.

8051 Microcontroller 126

 Interrupt Vs Polling
• The polling method is not efficient, since it wastes much of
the microcontroller’s time by polling devices that do not need
service.
• The advantage of interrupts is that the microcontroller can
serve many devices (not all at the same time).
• Each devices can get the attention of the microcontroller
based on the assigned priority.
• For the polling method, it is not possible to assign priority
since it checks all devices in a round-robin fashion.

• The microcontroller can also ignore (mask) a device request

for service in Interrupt.
8051 Microcontroller 127
1. Steps inthe
It finishes Executing
instruction an
it is Interrupt
executing and saves the address of
the next instruction (PC) on the stack.
2. It also saves the current status of all the interrupts internally (i.e:
not on the stack).
3. It jumps to a fixed location in memory, called the interrupt vector
table, that holds the address of the ISR.
4. The microcontroller gets the address of the ISR from the
interrupt vector table and jumps to it.
5. It starts to execute the interrupt service subroutine until it
reaches the last instruction of the subroutine which is RETI
(return from interrupt).
6. Upon executing the RETI instruction, the microcontroller returns
to the place where it was interrupted.
8051 Microcontroller 128

Suresh.P.Nair , HOD - ECE , RCET

Six Interrupts in 8051

Six interrupts are allocated as follows:

1.Reset – power-up reset.

2.Two interrupts are set aside for the timers.

• one for timer 0 and one for timer 1

3.Two interrupts are set aside for hardware external interrupts.

• P3.2 and P3.3 are for the external hardware interrupts INT0 (or EX1), and
INT1 (or EX2)

4.Serial communication has a single interrupt that belongs to both

receive and transfer.

8051 Microcontroller 129

 What events can trigger Interrupts?
• We can configure the 8051 so that any of the following events will cause an
interrupt:

• Timer 0 Overflow.
• Timer 1 Overflow.
• Reception/Transmission of Serial Character.
• External Event 0.
• External Event 1.

• We can configure the 8051 so that when Timer 0 Overflows or when a

character is sent/received, the appropriate interrupt handler routines are
called.

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8051 Interrupt Vectors

8051 Microcontroller 131

8051 Interrupt related Registers

• The various registers associated with the use of interrupts are:

• TCON - Edge and Type bits for External

Interrupts 0/1

• SCON - RI and TI interrupt flags for RS232

• IE - Enable interrupt sources

• IP - Specify priority of interrupts

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Enabling and Disabling an Interrupt

• Upon reset, all interrupts are disabled (masked), meaning that none
will be responded to by the microcontroller if they are activated.

• The interrupts must be enabled by software in order for the

microcontroller to respond to them.

• There is a register called IE (interrupt enable) that is responsible for

enabling (unmasking) and disabling (masking) the interrupts.

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 Interrupt Enable (IE) Register

--

• EA : Global enable/disable.
• --- : Reserved for additional interrupt hardware.

MOV IE,#08h
• ES : Enable Serial port interrupt.
or • ET1 : Enable Timer 1 control bit.
SETB ET1
• EX1 : Enable External 1 interrupt.
• ET0 : Enable Timer 0 control bit.
• EX0 : Enable External 0 interrupt.
8051 Microcontroller 134
 Enabling
• Example: Showand Disablingtoan
the instructions (a)Interrupt
enable the serial interrupt,
timer 0 interrupt, and external hardware interrupt 1 and (b) disable
(mask) the timer 0 interrupt, then (c) show how to disable all the
interrupts with a single instruction.
• Solution:
• (a) MOV IE,#10010110B ;enable serial, timer 0, EX1
• Another way to perform the same manipulation is:
• SETB IE.7 ;EA=1, global enable
• SETB IE.4 ;enable serial interrupt
• SETB IE.1 ;enable Timer 0 interrupt
• SETB IE.2 ;enable EX1
• (b) CLR IE.1 ;mask (disable) timer 0 interrupt only
• (c) CLR IE.7 ;disable all interrupts

8051 Microcontroller 135

 Interrupt Priority
• When the 8051 is powered up, the priorities are assigned according
to the following.

• In reality, the priority scheme is nothing but an internal polling

sequence in which the 8051 polls the interrupts in the sequence
listed and responds accordingly.

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 Interrupt Priority
• We can alter the sequence of interrupt priority by assigning a higher
priority to any one of the interrupts by programming a register called
IP (interrupt priority).
• To give a higher priority to any of the interrupts, we make the
corresponding bit in the IP register high.

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 Interrupt Priority (IP) Register

Reserved PS PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0

Serial Port
INT 0 Pin
Timer 1 Pin

INT 1 Pin Timer 0 Pin

Priority bit=1 assigns high priority

Priority bit=0 assigns low priority
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