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G8 Science Q3 - Week 5-6 Atomic Structure

1) Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons defines the element. 2) Early atomic theories proposed atoms as indivisible spheres, but it is now known they have a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus. 3) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, giving them different atomic masses but not changing their identity.

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Iemmee Jane Dinglasan
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39 views31 pages

G8 Science Q3 - Week 5-6 Atomic Structure

1) Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons defines the element. 2) Early atomic theories proposed atoms as indivisible spheres, but it is now known they have a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus. 3) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, giving them different atomic masses but not changing their identity.

Uploaded by

Iemmee Jane Dinglasan
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 Determine the number of protons, neutrons,


and electrons in a particular atom;
 All elements are composed of particles called
atoms
 All atoms of the same element are identical
 Atoms of different elements combine to form
compounds
 Atoms of one element can never be changed into
another element
 Democritus (Greek 460-370 BC)
• 1st to use the word atom
• Believed that atoms were
indivisible & indestructible
• No scientific support

 Aristotle (Greek 384-322 BC)


• Rejected the theory of atoms
• Believed in 4 core elements
fire, air, water, earth
 Antoine Lavoisier (French 1743-1794)
• Law of Conservation of Matter –
Matter is not created or destroyed
during a chemical reaction
 Joseph Proust (French 1754-1826)
• Law of Definite Proportions -
A compound is always composed of
the same elements, in the same proportion
by mass
 John Dalton (English 1766-1844)
• Studied the ratio in which elements combine
• Quantitative data – mass
• Law of Multiple Proportions -
When 2 elements form more than one
compound, they do so in a ratio of whole
numbers
1. All elements are composed of indivisible
‘solid sphere’ atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical.
3. Atoms of different elements differ in their
masses.
4. Different atoms combine in simple whole
number ratios to form compounds.
 Today… Dalton’s Atomic Theory has one
important change
 Atoms are divisible…
 3 types of subatomic particles
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons
 J.J. Thomson (English 1897) –
• Identified the 1st subatomic particle
• Cathode-ray tube
 Named electrons
 Symbol: e-
 Charge: (-1)
 Mass: ~ 0 amu
 Plum Pudding/
Chocolate Chip Cookie
 Protons
• Symbol: p+
• Charge: (+1)
• Mass: 1 amu

 Neutons
• Symbol: n0
• Charge: (0) neutral
• Mass: 1 amu
 Ernest Rutherford (English 1911) -
• Discovered the ‘structure’ of the atom
• Gold foil experiment

Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment


 Atom is mostly empty space
 Atoms have a dense center – nucleus
 Most of the mass is in the nucleus
 Nucleus has a positive charge
 Protons & neutrons are located in the nucleus
 Electrons are outside of the nucleus & occupy
most of the atom’s volume
 # of protons
 Atomic number = # of protons
 Usually written as a subscript
Mg12 or 12 Mg

What element has 11 protons?


How many protons does potassium Sodium
have?

19
 Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons
 Usually written as a superscript
12
C or C12 or C -12

 # of neutrons is the difference between the


atomic mass & the atomic number

# of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic #


What is the atomic mass of helium?
4.0026… round to 4
What element has an atomic mass of 27?

Aluminum
How many protons does this element
contain?

How many neutrons does13this element


contain?

27 – 13 = 14
 # electrons = # of protons
 Why?
• Atoms are electrically neutral

How many electrons does sulfur contain?


16
Which element contains 10 electrons?

Neon
 How many protons, neutrons and electrons
are in each atom?

Beryllium (Be) - 4, 5, 4
Fluorine (F) -
9, 10, 9
Hydrogen (H) -
1, 0, 1
 How many neutrons are in each atom?

8O 16
16 – 8 = 8

Ag 108
108 – 47 = 61
47

82 Pb 207

207 – 82 = 125
 Express the composition of each atom in
shorthand form.

Nitrogen -14
p+ = 7, n0 = 7, e- = 7
Sodium - 23
p+ = 11, n0 = 12, e- = 11
Phosphorus -31
p+ = 15 , n0 = 16, e- = 15
 Atoms that contain the same number of

protons but have different numbers of


neutrons
 Different atomic masses
 Does not change the atom’s identity
 Are naturally occurring
 Symbols:

11Na 23
or 11Na 24

6 C 12
or 6 C 13
or 6 C 14
 Determine the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in the following:

1H 1
p+ = 1, n0 = 0, e- = 1

1H 2
p+ = 1, n0 = 1, e- = 1

1H 3
p+ = 1, n0 = 2, e- = 1
 Atomic mass # is an average of atom’s
naturally occurring isotopes

Copper has 2 isotopes Cu-63 and Cu-65


Which isotope is most abundant?
63
There are 3 isotopes of Silicon with mass
numbers of 28, 29, and 30.
Which is more abundant?
Si -28
 Multiply the mass of each isotope by its
natural abundance (expressed as a decimal),
then add the products

 Practice…
 An atom with an electrical charge
 Occurs 2 ways:
• Oxidation – loss of an e-
results in a (+) charge
• Reduction – gain of an e-
results in a (-) charge
Mnemonic: ‘Leo says Ger’
Loss of electrons = oxidation
Gain of electrons = reduction
Lost 1e-
 H+
Gained 1e-
 Cl-
 As3- Gained 3e-
 Mg2+ Lost 2e-

 Oxidation State –
• Number found on the periodic table
• Shows the number of e- gained or lost
• Many elements have more than one number
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