ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE
Historical background of Architectur Baroque Architecture
e
Egyptian Architecture Modern architecture
Mesopotamian architecture Materials and style
Greek architecture Principles of construction
Roman architecture Philippine architecture
Early Christian architecture First Philippine Architects
Byzantine architecture Three Kinds of Architecture Accordin
g to Functions
Romanesque architecture The End
Gothic architecture
Renaissance architecture
 ETYMOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE

• Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek– arkhitekton, from

"chief" and "builder, carpenter") can mean:
• The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other
physical structures.
• A general term to describe buildings and other structures.
ARCHITECTURE

This is the most useful art and

prerequisite for other arts. There are
several ways by which architecture is
defined. It is the art and method of
erecting structures. It is a body or corpus
of work; it is a way to build According to
a Roman architect.
ARCHITECTURE

Is usually referred as the “Mother of the

Arts” because it houses, serves as a
background for, or occurs in relation to other
fields of art such as painting, sculpture,
interior design, landscape architecture and
city planning.
 ARCHITECTURE

• Materials used in Architecture are stone, concrete, brick, wood,

steel, glass and plaster
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
ARCHITECTURE

Architecture highly speaks of a country and its people and signet's their
lifestyle, character, cultures and traditions, their motives and believes like
any other forms of art.
 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(3000 – 10000 BC)

Egyptian Architecture was dependent on religion. They say that “Ka” or

“vital forces” lives in every human being, but once the body is destroyed,
the “vital forces” are also destroyed.
Egyptian Architectural Style is described as a mammoth rectangular plan of
limestone with stopping pylons with gorge molding. It has bud and flower
capitals for post-and-lintel construction and monumental obelisks and
sphinxes fronting pylons. It is a relief sculpture on walls and columns.

Pyramid of Giza
 MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE

The most distinguishing characteristics of the

Mesopotamian, Babylonians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians is
the ziggurat. This tower is built at successive levels with
one hump leading from one platform to the next level.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon – A 16th-century

hand- coloured engraving of the "Hanging
Gardens of Babylon" by Dutch artist Martin
Heemskerck, with the Tower of Babel in the
background.
 GREEK ARCHITECTURE
(600 – 1000BC)

The architectural style of the Greek was greatly influenced by their

invaders, the dorian, ionian, and aeolian tribesment from the north.
Greek Architectural Style is relatively small rectangular plan of marble
with entablature of pediment, cornice, frieze and architrave.

Parthenon Temple – was built in honor

of Athena Parthenos, the patron goddess of Athens
2500 years ago
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Roman Architecture was based on Greek Architecture with notable

changes. Structures like civic buildings, bath, law, courts, amphitheaters, a
aqueduct, and bridges are as visible as the temples.
Roman Architectural Style is described as rectangular and circular plans of
pozzuolana and stucco. It applies the engineering principles of arch in
dome on drum, barrel molting and groin vaulting as well as fluted free-
standing and engaged communes and pilasters with Greek orders.

Segovia Aqueduct – the arch, which was made of wedge

Shaped stones and the columns are taller and thinner
 EARLY CHRISTIAN
ARCHITECTURE (400 – 700 A.D.)

Under Emperor Constantine I, another innovation of Architecture

began, and churches were built for public worship.
Early Christian Architectural style. This style has roman basilica plan of
center aisle, one or two side aisle, and apse, as well as plain buttressed
façade, sometimes with small round window and compound arches.

Roman Basilica – has a clerestory from the windows

aisles Between columns, the nave between the two
wall with Columns, the apes which was a semicircular
altar with an arch Above it
 BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
(200 – 1453 A.D.)

Byzantine Architectural Design – this design is of greek cross plan, wall

surfaced in patterned brick in a meander, fret, or chevron. The great dome
on pedantries is buttressed by half domes with plain exterior, clustered
colonnettes and carved basket capitals. Interior is colored, richly grained
marble with mosaic in upper vaults.

The Taj Mahal of Agra – was built in memory of the

loving wife of the emperor of India, Mumtaz-I-
Mahal. It is often visited because of its gleaming
dome during the rise of the sun and in the light of
the moon.
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
(1000 – 2000)

Romanesque Architectural Style is described as made up of Latin cross plan

of local stone, as well as the use of round arch and buttressed barrel
vaulting and groin vaulting.

The Palais
The Cathedral of Notre Dame Benedictine
 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
(1200 – 4000)

Gothic Architectural Style is a Latin cross plan, usually a native stone and
uses soaring pointed arch and ribbed vaulting with flying buttress. It has
high facade towers with gargoyles and stained-glass rose and lanced
windows, while the pinnacles are with crockets and finals.

The Magic Kingdom – this castle is Walt

Disney in Florida.
 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
(1400-1600)

Renaissance Architectural Style has rectangular plane with combined post and
lintel form and arch form and there is balance fenestration or arrangements of
doors and windows of three stories it has entablature with two story columns
and triangular and circular pedimentation, decorative, balustrades, pilasters,
keystones, and quoin, as well as Greek and Roman ornamentation.

St. Peter’s Cathedral –located in Vatican City that

has a famous dome that seems to rise towards
the sky.
 BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

Baroque architecture is characterized primarily as a period of elaborate

sculptural ornamentation. It framework remained close to the Renaissance.
Baroque Architectural Style. This Style has circular planes and ornamentation,
Baroque facades that are frequently added to existing buildings.

Grand Place Brussels

 MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Three Characteristics
1. Skeleton Construction – was made possibly by the development of
steel and Renaissance concrete.
2. Cantilever Construction – the term “Cantilever” refers to any member
or unit of an architectural design projects beyond its support. This
principle is mostly seen in bridges.
3. Geodesic Domes – is inspired by the geometry of conjoined hexagon.
These domes structure are built of modules. Units are triangles of
tube hole struts in frames. This kind of architecture is seen in theaters,
showrooms, markets, factories and offices.
 MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Antonio Gaudi: Spanish architect– no flat surface or straight lines (organic)

 MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Antonio Gaudi’s most famous building: “La Sagrada Familia”

 MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The 1st skyscraper was made in St. Louis, MO by Louis Sullivan who coined
the expression “form follows function”.
 MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Frank Lloyd Wright: American architect; carefully considered the

environment where the building was to be constructed.

“Falling Water”
 MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Steel and concrete are the favored

materials for commercial type
construction.

Wood and brick are the favored materials

for residential construction.
 MATERIALS AND STYLE

The three different basic materials for building that the architect
should take into consideration are the following: materials for the roof, the
walls and the floors. Aesthetic appeal and strength should also be taken
into consideration.
There are three main qualities that should be given importance.
These are as follows.
Structure. It should determine the reaction of structure to
different stresses like wind, floor, water, movements and the like. Consider
most the quality of design.
Texture. Roughness or smoothness of the material is considered.
Appropriate tools should be used to blend with internal structure of the
building.
 MATERIALS AND STYLE

Aspect. Refers to certain colors and outside skin after choosing

the right tools. Intrinsic qualities of materials are considered to achieve
considered to achieve consistency in design.
There are five architectural styles recognized all over the world;
such as personal, regional, national, civilization, and periodic.
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION

Time has changed tremendously and the availability of materials

and construction equipment to ensure durability and aesthetic beauty of an
architecture is no longer difficult to achieve. Principles followed by
architects are useful, and should be considered:
1. Post-and-Lintel. It makes use of posts or two vertical supports spanned
by a lintel or horizontal beam. This is considered the oldest of the
construction system.
2. Arch. This consists of separate pieces of wedge shaped blocks arranged
in a semi circle. Keystone is the last set stone at top center which locks
the pieces together.
3. Dome. A roof that is hemispherical in form resemble a half of a
pingpong ball. It is built in a framework formed by a series of arches
rising from consecutive point in the base.
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION

4. Truss. This is a system which applies to most of the bridges, assembly

plants, theaters, shopping malls, gymnasium that necessitates wide
spaces but with very few interior supports.
5. Cantilever. Used to support walls and floors ideally made of steel and
Ferro concrete. It is beam or slab extended horizontally beyond its
supporting part from strong support.
6. Skeleton construction. It requires the use of strong foundation which
will fit to the great weight of the floor, roof, and the partitions and
usually made of concrete and steel. Steel rocks are usually embedded in
the semi-fluid state of a hallow frame. It serves as protection to the
buildings and safety is ensured.
7. Flying Buttress. external arch that counter-balanced the outward thrust
of the high, vaulted ceilings.
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION

8. Vault. is an architectural term for an arched form used to provide a

space with a ceiling or roof.
9. Ancient Greek “Orders” (styles). composed of a shaft, capital, and
base.
10. Entablature. the top of an order; includes the architrave, frieze, and
cornice.
 POST-AND-LINTEL

A beam is placed horizontally across upright posts and considered the

oldest of the construction system.
 ARCH

The arch was a purely Roman invention. An arch is

often made up of small stones called voussoir and a
large central stone called a keystone.
DOME
TRUSS
 CANTILEVER

Cantilever –used to support walls and floors

that are ideally made of steel and Ferro-concrete;
a beam or slab extended horizontally
beyond its supporting part from strong support.
 SKELETON CONSTRUCTION

Skeleton Construction – requires the use

of a strong foundation which will fit to the
great height of the floor, roof and
partitions which are usually made of
concrete and steel
FLYING BUTTRESS
VAULT
ANCIENT GREEK
 ENTABLATURE

• Entablature. the top of an order; includes the architrave, frieze, and

cornice.
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

People of early times found shelter in caves and piled up stones to

protect themselves against harm and intruders. They wandered and moved
form one place to another in search of food. As time passed by they found
it difficult to look for caves so they started to build their own shelters. As
the needed for shelter grew, the concept of building a structure was
conceived.
The early styles of shelters were formed using branches of trees
that first made simple structures. As they discovered the weaknesses of
this kind they kept on developing until such time that strong buildings
were made and developed through different historical periods.
Philippine architectural designs and structure were simple in their
concept yet developed tremendously through different colonial periods.
 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

The early Philippine architecture can be classified into ethnic and

folk architecture.
Ethnic architecture is varied and dependent on its immediate
environment and geographical location. The examples of these are: lean-to
(Palawan);bale (ifugao);twinhouse (Cagayan Valley); house of houses of the
Maranaos).
There are different form and type of Philippine architecture that
we see today. These are the dwelling units (multi-unit/multi-door)seen in
the metropolis and classified into two-story residential units for low
middle class housing for rent); and townhouse(developed from a rowhouse
and intended for the above middle income bracket).
 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

Filipino homes today evolved from the nipa hut called bahay kubo
which can still be seen in the country side. It is erected by a combination
of light materials like the nipa, palm leaves, wood, and bamboo. There are
two factors that influenced its design. These are the climate and the
availability of the materials used. The parts of this nature residence is the
living room, a small room, kitchen, and the washroom or “batalan”.
However, in most case bahay kubo is a one- room affair.

Bahay na bato

Bahay Kubo
 PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

1. Nipa Hut “Bahay Kubo” – pre-colonial

period (nipa, bamboo and cogon)
2. Bahay na Bato -during the Spanish period
(bricks. Stone and tiles)
 FIRST PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTS

1. Felix Roxas, Sr. First Filipino Architect. San Ignacio

Church.
2. Juan Hervas Consulting architect for the city of Manila
in 1887.
3. Tomas Arguelles 1860-1952 inspector of roads and public
works for Manila Street Car Co. and
Manila Railroad Co.
4. Arcadio Arellano Built a house for greogrio Araneta on Calle
Hidalgo and others. His major innovation
was the old grand stairway with a sunny
zaguan with vast iron grille gate.
5. Leandro V. Locsin Architect of the cirular Church of the Holy
Sacrifice in UP in 1995.
6. Tomas Mapua Founder of Mapua Institute and designed
the PGH Nurses Home.
 FIRST PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTS

7. Juan Nakpil Art deco and modernistic in his

architectural style.
8. Luna de San Pedro Chief Architect of Manila from 1920-1924
who designed the Legarda Elementary
School which is an example of French
Renaissance style.
9. Fr. Rodque Ruańo, O.P Designed the main building of UST.
10. Juan Arellano The first great Romantic Filipino architect.
FELIX ROXAS, SR.

Here once stood the 2nd San Ignacio

Church and the Casa Mision
of the Jesuit Order built from 1878 to 1887,
Designed by first Filipino Architect Felix Roxas Sr.
The structure destroyed during
the Battle of Manila in 1945.
 TOMAS ARGUELLES

Born on March 7, 1860, Tomas Arguelles was an eminent architect and

surveyor during
the later part of the Spanish regime and the early days of American rule.
The son of Norberto
Arguelles and Petronilla Fernandez, he studied at the Ateneo Municipal de
Manila and later,
enrolled at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where he obtained the title
of perito agrimensor.
He pursued his studies at the Escuela de Artes y Oficios and subsequently
became an architect.
 ARCADIO ARELLANO

1917 - Pioneering Filipino architect and one-time revolutionary Arcadio G.

Arellano, responsible for leading the rebuilding and preparation of the
Malolos Convent when Malolos became the seat of the fledgling
Philippine Republic in 1898 and 1899, retires from public service; Arcadio,
the son of Bartola de Guzman and Bulakeno Luis C. Arellano, joined the
second phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, but soon worked
for the colonial government of the imperialist Americans as head of the
assessments office in Intramuros and, later, as technical director for
general assessments in Manila early on during the protracted Philippine-
American War (1899-1914), before becoming a board member for Manila
city; his architecture is considered nationalistic, having veered away from
European or Western styles and, instead, pioneered in the use of native
designs for his concepts.
TWINHOUSE
HOUSE OF HOUSES OF THE MARANAOS
 LEANDRO LOCSIN

Si Leandro Valencia Locsin (1928-1194), isang arkitekto at Pambansang

Alagad ng Sining, ay isa sa mga artistang Pilipino na nakaambag nang
malaki sa arkitektura ng Pilipinas. Mula 1955 hanggang 1994, siya ay
nakagawa ng 75 na tahanan, 88 na gusali, at isang state palace.

Chapel of the Holy Sacrifice, Mandarin Oriental Cultural Center of the

UP Diliman, 1955 Hotel, 1976 Philippines, 1969
 THREE KINDS OF ARCHITECTURE
ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS

1. Interior Design –
creation or design of the
interior of a house to suit the
personality, needs and
lifestyle of the people living
in it.
 THREE KINDS OF ARCHITECTURE
ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS

2. Landscape Architecture – design and

development of landscape and garden to capture
the needs of the environment.
 THREE KINDS OF ARCHITECTURE
ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS

3. Urban/City Planning – bridge between the

profession of urban planning and architecture
and its primary concern which is the physical
form of the city and may manifest itself in the
cultural context of urban design.