1.

5 BASIC DRILLING ENGINEERING

CALCULATIONS

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1.5.1 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

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Pressure Concepts

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 Wellbore Pressure Concepts
 Pressure presented in terms of:
 Pressure value
 Pressure gradient
 Equivalent fluid density or “mud
weight.”
 EMW
 Equivalent circulating density
 ECD

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 Hydrostatic Pressure
 Pressure exerted by a fluid within a gravity field
 Pressure exerted equally in all directions at a given depth
 Pressure calculated in the direction of gravity
 True vertical depth: Distance parallel with the gravitational field to a
wellbore point
 Measured depth: Distance along the wellbore path
 Gradient is first derivative of pressure versus depth chart
 Calculated using MW in ppg and G in psi per foot:

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 Hydrostatic Concepts
[ ppg ]  H [ ft ]
P [ psi ]   0.0519  [ ppg ]  H [ ft ]
19.25
psi [ ppg ]
G[ ]  0.0519 [ ppg ]
ft 19.25
G [ psi ]
P [ psi ] psi ft
 [ ppg ]  19.25  19.25G[
ft
]
H [ ft ] 0.0519

© Eustes/Sampaio 2017 PEGN 311 Drilling Engineering 6

 0 Pore and Fracture Pressures
PP FG

5000
Depth (feet)

10000

15000

20000

25000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Pressure (psi)
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 Example
Pressure is 3,222 psi

Pressure is 1,100 psi

Outside Mud Weight is 10.2

ppg from 2,200 ft to surface

Surface Casing is 8-5/8" 24 ppf K55 STC @ 2,395 ft

Casing is
5.5" 23 ppf N80 LTC from surface to 1,050'
5.5" 20 ppf P110 LTC from 1,050' to 6,500'
5.5" 23 ppf P110 LTC from 6,500' to 9,110'
5.5" 26 ppf P110 LTC from 9,110' to TD
Outside Mud Weight is 13.2
ppg from 6,400 ft to 2,200 ft

Inside Mud Weight is 9.5 ppg

Outside Mud Weight is 15.4

ppg from 6,400 ft to TD

Float Collar is at 10,423 ft

Inside Mud Weight is 15.4 ppg
Total Depth is 10,503 ft in 7-7/8" hole

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 Pressure Equations
 Inside pressure
Pin  D   0.494 D  3, 222 from 0 ft to 10,423 ft
Pin  D   0.8D  27.4 from10,423 ft to TD
 Outside pressure
Pout  D   0.53D  1,100 from 0 ft to 2,200 ft
Pout  D   0.686 D  757 from 2,200 ft to 6,400 ft
Pout  D   0.8 D  27.5from 6, 400 ft to TD

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 0 Pressure Chart
Inside Pressure
10.2 ppg
2000 Outside Pressure

4000
13.2 ppg 9.5 ppg
Depth (feet)

6000

8000
15.4 ppg
10000 15.4 ppg

12000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Pressure (psi)
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 Pore Pressure
 Pore pressure dominates well planning
 Affects casing design and setting points, mud weight, cementing, etc.
 Causes wellbore problems such as kicks, blowouts, lost circulation, differential sticking, wellbore
instability, etc.
 Normal pressure
 8.34 ppg (fresh water) to 10 ppg (saturated NaCl water) (one definition)
 Abnormal pressure
 Under-pressured (sub-normal) Oil is about ±6 ppg
 < 8.34 ppg Gas is about ±0.1 psi/ft or ±2 ppg
 Lost circulation
 Over-pressured (abnormal)
 > 10.0 ppg
 Blowouts
 Transition zone
 Interval between normal to over-pressured zones
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1.5.2 VOLUMES AND
DISPLACEMENTS

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 Circulation System – Capacity/Volume
 Use Halliburton, Schlumberger, etc. handbooks and/or apps Cap   D 2
hole
 Hole for “D” in inches: 4
Caphole  0.0009714 D for barrels per foot
2

Caphole  0.005454 D 2 for cubic foot per foot

Caphole  0.040799 D 2 for gallons per foot
Caphole  0.0005067 D 2 for cubic meters per meter
 Volume is length of a common geometry times the capacity.
 Annulus uses the same conversion factors

Capannulus  Conversion factor  D 2  d 2 

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799.3 bbl 213.1 bbl
Example Volume Problem
1. What is the volume inside the drill
string?

0.01776 bpf
2,989 feet of
10.75 inch 51 lb/ft
2. What is the volume in the annulus?
0.06996 bpf
N-80 STC casing TD = 12510 ft SC = 2989 ft
209.1 bbl
Inside
207.3
Geometry Capacity Volume
Item ID Length BPF CFPF GPF barrels ft^3 gallons
DP 4.276 11670 0.0178 0.0997 0.7460 207.3 1163.8 8705.5
HWDP 3 270 0.0087 0.0491 0.3672 2.4 13.3 99.1
DC 2.5 570 0.0061 0.0341 0.2550 3.5 19.4 145.3
0.06339 bpf
550.3 bbl

5 inch 19.5 lb/ft X95 NC50

drill pipe
Total: 213.1 1196.4 8950
Annulus
0.00874 bpf

Geometry Capacity Volume

Item OD ID Length BPF CFPF GPF barrels ft^3 gallons
0.06339bpf
17.1 bbl

SC - DP 9.85 5 2989 0.0700 0.3928 2.9384 209.1 1174.1 8783.0

2.4 bbl

3 triple stands of 5 inch HWDP

OH - DP 9.5 5 8681 0.0634 0.3559 2.6621 550.2 3089.3 23110.0

570 feet of 7 inch by 2.5 inch OH - HWDP 9.5 5 270 0.0634 0.3559 2.6621 17.1 96.1 718.8
0.00607 bpf
0.04007 bpf
22.8 bbl

3.5 bbl

drill collars
OH - DC 9.5 7 570 0.0401 0.2250 1.6830 22.8 128.2 959.3
9.5 inch bit (hole
diameter)drilling at 12,510
Total: 799.3 4487.8 33571.1
feet

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 Circulation System – Displacement
 Outside diameter (OD) and inside diameter (id) for “D” in inches:

OD 
 Open ended:
Cap displacement  Conversion factor
2
 id 2

Capdisplacement  Conversion factor OD 

 Closed ended:
2

 Displacement is length of a common geometry times the capacity.

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 Example Displacement
What isProblem
the fluid level drop in the annulus
1.
(assume open ended drill pipe) when ten triple
2,989 feet of 10.75 stands of drill pipe are pulled?
inch 51 lb/ft N-80
STC casing
2. What is the fluid level drop in the annulus
(assume open ended drill collars) when one triple
stand of drill collar is pulled?
3. What are the bottom hole pressure changes and
equivalent mud weights for both cases above if
the original mud density is 12.0 ppg?
4. What is the fluid level drop in the annulus
(assume open ended drill collars) when ten triple
stands of drill collar is pulled?
5 inch 19.5 lb/ft X95 NC50 drill
pipe 5. What is the bottom hole pressure change and
equivalent mud weight for the case above if the
original mud density is 12.0 ppg?
6. What is the fluid level drop in the annulus
(assume closed ended drill pipe) when ten triple
stands of drill pipe are pulled?
3 triple stands of 5 inch HWDP
7. What is the bottom hole pressure change and
equivalent mud weight for this case above if the
570 feet of 7 inch by 2.5 inch drill
original mud density is 12.0 ppg?
collars

9.5 inch bit (hole

diameter)drilling at 12,510 feet

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1.5.3 POWER AND HOISTING

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 Land Drilling Rigs

Hitch Magazine | Precision Rig 574 NAM Drilling | Netherlands

 Circulating System Hoisting System
Mast / Derrick
Mud pumps
Drawworks
Hose,
Crown &
swivel
Travelling Blocks
Rig Systems Solids Control Rotary System
System Top drive
At a rig site, rig equipment (or)
Shale Shakers
consists of a rig and its Mud Pits Rotary
backyard and typically also Mixers / table
contains offices and Hoppers Drillstring
sleeping quarters for the rig
crew.
Onshore rigs are designed
BOP’s
to mobile and are usually Accumulators
general purpose. Choke & Kill
Manifold
Power Systems
Diesel Well Control
Generators
System
 Power Calculations
 Torque power P    2 N  P = power
w = rotation speed (radians)
N = revolutions per time
 Fuel power Qi  w f H T = torque
wf = fuel consumption
H = fuel heating value
 Engine efficiency   PQ  = power efficiency
i

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 Heating Value of Various Fuels
Density Heating Value
Fuel Type
(lbm/gal) (BTU/lbm)
Diesel 7.2 19,000

Gasoline 6.6 20,000

Butane 4.7 21,000

Methane - 24,000

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 Block and Tackle System

Applied Drilling Engineering, SPE

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 Rig Floor with Lines
FAleg  W  Fs A B FB leg  W
4 4
Dead
Fs Standpipe
Fs  deadline force Line
Ff  fastline force
W
W  weight Block Lines
Ff
W Ff W Ff
FC leg 
4

2
C Fast Line
D FD leg 
4

2

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 Hoisting - Blocks and Tackle
W
 Provide a mechanical advantage:M   n
Ff
W
 Fast line tension: Ff 
nE
M  mechanical advantage n  number of lines
 Hook power: Ph  WVb W  weight on blocks Ff  fast line tension
Ph = hook power Pi  input power
Vb  block velocity Vf  fast line velocity
 Fast line power: Pi  Ff Vf E  efficiency

 Velocity relationship: V  nV
f b

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Average Efficiency Factors for Hoisting
Number of Lines Efficiency
6 87.4%
8 84.1%
10 81.0%
12 77.0%

14 74.0%

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 Wire Rope Strength Nomina l S tre ngth

Nomina l Approxima te Improve d Extra Improve d

Dia me te r Ma s s P low S te e l P low S te e l
(in) (lbm/ft) (lbf) (lbf)
1/2 0.46 23,000 26,600
9/16 0.59 29,000 33,600
5/8 0.72 35,800 41,200
3/4 1.04 51,200 58,800
7/8 1.42 69,200 79,600
1 1.85 89,800 103,400
1 1/8 2.34 113,000 130,000
1 1/4 2.89 138,800 159,800
1 3/8 3.50 167,000 192,000
1 1/2 4.16 197,800 228,000
1 5/8 4.88 230,000 264,000
1 3/4 5.67 266,000 306,000
1 7/8 6.50 304,000 348,000
2 7.39 344,000 396,000
*S ix s tra nds ha ving 19 wire s pe r s tra nd
NOMINAL BREAKING STRENGTH OF 6* 19* CLASSIFICATION WIRE ROPE, BRIGHT (UNCOATED) OR DRAWN-
GALVANIZED WIRE, INDEPENDENT WIRE-ROPE CORE (IWRC)

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