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Heat Treatments-Gouri Patil

Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their properties. It is used to improve hardness, strength, machinability and other properties. There are various heat treatment processes classified based on temperature and cooling method including annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering. Annealing softens metals by slow cooling, while quenching hardens through rapid cooling and tempering reduces brittleness. Heat treatment benefits include increased strength and corrosion resistance, though it can also damage some materials or cause distortion.

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26 views15 pages

Heat Treatments-Gouri Patil

Heat treatment involves heating and cooling metals to alter their properties. It is used to improve hardness, strength, machinability and other properties. There are various heat treatment processes classified based on temperature and cooling method including annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering. Annealing softens metals by slow cooling, while quenching hardens through rapid cooling and tempering reduces brittleness. Heat treatment benefits include increased strength and corrosion resistance, though it can also damage some materials or cause distortion.

Uploaded by

gouri.patil2021
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat Treatment of Metals

Presented by:
Gouri Patil
Masters in Material Science & Engineering
Guided by:
Dr. S. H. Kameshwari Devi
Associate Professor
PST Department
SJCE
Discussion topics
1. Introduction to heat treatment

2. Objectives

3. Classification

4. Description

5. Merits & demerits


Heat treatment
• It comprises of a series of thermal and mechanical metal-working techniques that alter metal
properties.

• It changes physical, mechanical, and sometimes chemical properties through heating and
cooling of metals such as, ductility, hardness, temperature resistance, formability,
machinability, strength, etc.

• Heat treatment methods vary depending on the type of metal and the specific properties
required.

• Majority ferrous metals are considered for heat treatments. So, different steel grades
constitute about 80% of heat-treated metals. Even some non-ferrous materials are also
suitable for heat treatment.
Fundamentals of heat treatment
• Principle theory - An alloy when heated above a
certain temperature, undergoes a structural adjustment
or stabilization when cooled to room temperature.

• In this operation, the cooling rate plays an important


role on which the structural modification is mainly
based.
Objectives of heat treatment
• To improve machinability.
• To change or refine grain size.
• Alter magnetic & electrical properties
• To relieve internal stresses of the material induced during cold or hot working.
• To improve mechanical properties like tensile strength, hardness, ductility etc.
• To impart wear resistance, corrosion resistance & shock resistance.
• To produce a hard surface on ductile interior.
• To remove trapped gases.
Classification of heat treatment processes
Table 1: Heat treatment temperature for different metals & alloys

Steels 1100 to 1260o C

Copper & its alloys 760 to 925 o C

Mg 315 o C

Al & its alloys 370 to 455 o C

Stress relieving
• This involves heating of a metal or localized area around a weld to a specific
temperature, holding it at that temperature for enough time to reduce the stresses present
in the material, and then cooling the material at a slow rate so as to not allow the stresses
to re-develop.
Objectives
• Minimize residual stresses in the structure
• To reduce the risk of dimensional changes during further manufacturing or final use
of the component.
Quenching
• Involves heating of metal to the temperature above
its recrystallization temperature but below melting
point and then immersing it in a quenching medium
(Water or oil) to quickly cool it.

• By rapidly cooling the metal, you can prevent the


formation of different microstructures within the
metal to achieve the desired properties.
Objectives

• To harden a metal by inducing a martensite phase transformation

• To achieve maximum hardness for engineering applications

Tempering
• The quenched metal is taken and heated to a temperature much below red hot
condition and then cooled slowly.

• In the process – Formation of an oxide layer which imparts color to the metal i.e.
Steel at 200-300℃ gives yellow color and above blue color.

• This makes metal less brittle and more harder.


Annealing
A process in which the metal is heated to a temperature, held at it and finally cooling at a
very slow rate.
Objectives
• To soften the metal
• Produce a definite microstructure
• Enhance machinability
• Refine grain size
• Reduce gaseous contents in steel
• Remove internal stresses
• Modify magnetic & electric properties
Normalizing
• A process of heating the metal and holding at that temperature for a very long time
followed by air cooling.

• Due to air cooling, normalized components show slightly different structure and
properties than annealed components.

Objectives

• To produce a homogenized structure

• To achieve better surface finish

• To arrest crack propagation


Table 2: Merits & demerits of heat treatments of metals

Advantages Disadvantages

Increased strength and ductility Heat treatment can damage some materials

Improved wear resistance It can make a material more brittle and less ductile

Enhanced corrosion resistance Can cause distortion in some materials

No internal stresses are present An expensive process

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