Engineering drawing

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

Drawing instruments are used to prepare neat and accurate Drawings. To a
greater extent, the accuracy of the Drawings depend on the quality of instruments used
to prepare them. The following is the list of Drawing Instruments and other materials
required
1. Drawing Board.
2. Drawing Sheet.
3. T-square .
4. Set Squares.
5. Protractor.
6. Clinograph.
7. Drafter (Drafting machine) .
8. Drawing Pencils .
9. Drawing Pins/Clips.
10. Eraser.
11. Compass.
12. French curve.
13. Erasing shield.
 Drawing board
• Drawing boards are made of well
seasoned pine wood. Battens

• Which is rigid, steady, and light in

weight.
• It has a groove along with left edge of
the board.
• A perfectly straight ebony edge called
working edge is inserted into the Working edge
groove. (ebony)
• The working edge serves as guide for
T- square to slide on it.
Designation Size (mm) Designation Size (mm)
B0 1500 × 1000 B3 500 × 350
B1 1000 × 700 B4 250 × 350

B2 700 × 500
 T -Square
• T-squares are made of well
seasoned hard wood.
Working edge
• It consists of two parts namely
Stock
the stock and the blade.
• The stock is made to slide
along the working edge and the Blade
Blade moves on the Drawing
Screws
board.
• It is mainly used to draw
horizontal lines , and it also
serves as support to place set
square over it.
 Set Square m
m

• Set squares are generally made from Plastic or celluloid

material.
• These are two in number ,one is (30°–60°) and another is 45° set
square.
• These are used to draw vertical, horizontal , inclined , parallel
lines and setting the combination of the angles in multiples of
mm
15°

90

180
180
0

0
0
45 Set Square with Protractor
1 2 3 1 2
4 5 3
6 7 4
8 9 5

450 Set Square 30 0-600 Set Square

10 11 6
 Protractor
• Protractors are used to mark or measure angles between 0 and 180°.
• They are semicircular in shape (of diameter 100mm) and are made of
Plastic or celluloid .
• Protractors with circular shape capable of marking and measuring 0 to
360° are also available in the market.

90
180

180
0

0
• Clinograph.
These are used to draw series of parallel and perpendicular lines .

• Drawing sheet.
They are available in many varieties and good quality paper with smooth
surface should be selected for Drawings which are to be preserved for longer
time. Sizes of Drawing Sheets recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards
(B.I.S) is given below.

Designation Size (mm) Designation Size (mm)

A0 1189 × 841 A3 420 × 297

A1 841 × 594 A4 297 × 210
A2 420x 594
Drafting machine (or Drafter):
• In a Drafting machine, the uses and advantages of T-square, set square, scales,
protractors are combined.
• One end of the Drafter is clamped at the left top end of the Drawing board by a screw
provided in the drafter.
• An adjustable head with a Protractor is fitted at the other end of the Drafter. Two blades
made of transparent celluloid material are fitted to the adjustable head and are perfectly
perpendicular to each other. These blades are used to draw parallel, horizontal, vertical
and inclined lines. The blades always move parallel to the edges of the board.
• Use of Drafting machine helps in reducing the time required to prepare Drawing.

Parallel bar arm

Scale

Angle

Parallel bar arm

Scale
Potractor

Drawing board Drawing sheet

Drawing Pencils:
The accuracy and appearance of a Drawing depends on the quality of
Pencil used to make Drawing. The grade of a Pencil lead is marked on the
Pencil. HB denotes medium grade. Increase in hardness is shown by
value put in front of H such as 2H, 3H etc., Softer pencils are marked as
2B, 3B, 4B etc.
Drawing Pins and clips:
These are used to fix the Drawing sheet on the Drawing board.
Compass:
Compass is used to draw circles and arcs .
Eraser : these are used to wipe out unwanted lines.
French curve : French curves are plastic templates of various curved
shapes, these are used to draw smooth curve through several pre-
defined points.
Erasing shield: An eraser shield is a thin sheet of stainless steel or
plastic with slots and holes of different shapes. they are designed to
allow eraser to be used through them to erase lines and text without
erasing lines close to them
Types of lines
 Representative factor
It is the ratio of drawing size to the actual size of the object.
R F=
1) Reducing size Example 1:2, 1:5……
2) Enlarging scale Example 2:1, 5:1…
3) Full scale Example 1:1

Dimensioning:
It is defined as Indication of object sizes and other details essential for
it’s construction and function by using lines , numerals , symbols, notes
etc.
Elements of dimensioning:
It includes projection line, leader line, termination of the
dimension line, the origin indication, symbols and the dimension
itself.
Dimension Line: Dimension line is a continuous thin line. it is
indicated by arrowheads, it is drawn parallel to the surface whose
length must be indicated.
Projection or Extension Line: A projection line or extension
line, it is a thin line. It is drawn perpendicular to the surface which is
to be dimensioned. The projection line slightly extends than the
dimension line.
• Arrowheads: Arrowheads are used to indicate the dimension
line. Usually, the arrowhead include angles of a minimum of 15°.
The Arrowhead may be open or close or closed and filled.
• Leader or Pointer Lines: These are thin continuous lines
drawn from a dimension figure to the feature to which it refers.
Leader line is drawn may be 30° or 60° to the bottom of
dimensions.
• Dimension Figure: These are drawn may be vertical or
inclined to indicate the height of the dimension figure.
Systems of dimensioning:
1. Aligned system 2. Unidirectional system.
Aligned system: In this type of dimensioning system, Dimensions are
placed above the dimension lines which are drawn without any break and
written parallel to them.
That they may be read from the bottom or any other side of the drawing
sheet. Dimensions are placed in the middle and on top of the dimension
lines.
• Unidirectional System
In this type of dimensioning system, dimensions are placed in such a way
that they can be read from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet.
Dimensions are inserts by breaking the dimension lines at the middle.
 Arrangements of dimensioning

• Chain Dimensioning
• Parallel Dimensioning
• Combined Dimensioning
• Progressive Dimensioning
• Dimensioning by Co-ordinates
• Equidistant Dimensioning
 Chain dimensioning
In this method of dimensioning , a series of adjacent dimensions
are arranged in one horizontal row as shown in fig.
 Parallel Dimensioning
In which dimensions are indicated from a common surface or
datum or line. each one of the dimensions are indicated by
individual parallel dimensioning lines as shown in fig.
 Combined Dimensioning
It is the combination of both chain and parallel dimensioning.
 Progressive Dimensioning
Since the dimension lines are drawn separately parallel to one another ,
large space is required for dimensioning. when parallel dimensioning is
not practicable due to space restrictions ,progressive dimensioning is
used.
In this method origin or datum is indicated small circle and zero. the
dimension figure may be placed near the arrow head inline with the
corresponding projection line. Or near the arrow head above the
dimension line.
 Dimensioning by Co-ordinates
When a number of holes of different sizes have to be
dimensioned ,instead of dimensioning by progressive method of
dimensioning, the coordinates X and Y from the datum surfaces to the
centers of each of the holes may be given in separate table ,
corresponding to the numbers given for each of the holes.
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