RAM

MEMORY
1.What is all about your topic

( WHAT, WHEN, WHO, WHERE, HOW )

WHAT IS RAM?
 Random access memory (RAM) is a type of data storage used
in computers.
 It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the stored data
to be accessed in any order (random).
 Data stored in RAM can be modified.
 RAM is a volatile storage. Data will lose after switching off
the computer
 E.g. DDRam,DDR-2 Ram

Two 512 MB DDRam

Who was the Inventor of RAM?

 Robert Dennard is the inventor

of RAM, although it was known as DRAM
when he invented it. DRAM is an acronym
for Dynamic Random Access Memory.
Dennard first studied electrical engineering
at Southern Methodist University and
Carnegie Institute of Technology before
joining the research Division at IBM.
When was RAM memory invented?
 However, RAM, as we know it today, as solid- state memory,

was first invented in 1968 by Robert Dennard. Known

specifically as dynamic random-access memory, or
DRAM, transistors were used to store bits of data .
Where is the RAM located?
 The ram slots are adjacent to the CPU socket.

In your desktop computer, look for the big heat

sink at the top of the motherboard, and you’ll
see either two or four memory slots next to it
and this is where your RAM location is.
How do I know if the RAM is working properly?

 Open the start menu, type “Windows Memory

Diagnostic”and press enter. You can also press
windows key +R, type “mdsched. Exe” into the run
dialog that appears, and press Enter. You’ll need to
reboot your computer to perform the test.
How do I know if the RAM is Defective and if it needs to
change?

6 Signs Your Computer Needs More RAM

 Random Freezing. Low RAM can may cause your
computer To freeze at random times.
 Random Rebooting.

 High Memory Usage.

 Lag when Typing.

 Programs and Apps Not Responding.

 Blue Screen of Death

How Much RAM Can Your Motherboard Handle?

 In theory, your motherboard can handle an unlimited

amount of RAM. In practice, there are some limits to
how much RAM your motherboard can handle. For post-
2007 motherboards, your motherboard can probably
handle 16 GB of RAM.
Two main types of RAM are:
 Static RAM
 Dynamic RAM
Static RAM
 Static RAM is the full form of SRAM. In this type of
RAM, data is stored using the state of a six transistor
memory cell. Static RAM is mostly used as a cache
memory for the processor (CPU)

Dynamic RAM
 DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is
a type of RAM which allows you to stores each bit of data
in a separate capacitor within a specific integrated circuit.
Dynamic RAM is a standard computer memory of the
many modern desktop computers.
 This type of RAM is volatile memory that needs to be
refreshed with voltage regularly. Else it loses the
information stored on it.
OTHER IMPORTANT TYPES OF RAM

 FPM DRAM
 SDR RAM

 RD RAM

 VRAM

 EDO RAM

 DDR SDRAM
FPM DRAM
 Fast Page Mode Dynamic
Random Access Memory is a type of
RAM that waits through the entire
process of locating a bit of data by
column and row and then reading
the bit before it begins on the next
bit. Max transfer rate is around 176
Mbps.
SDR RAM
 SDR RAM is a full form of synchronous
dynamic access memory. It has access time
between 25 and 10 ns(nanosecond), and
they are in DIMM (dual in-line memory
module)modules of 168 contacts.
 They store data using capacitors
using IC’s (Integrated Circuits). On one
of its sides, they have terminations,
which can be inserted inside of the
individual slots for the motherboard’s
memory.
RD RAM
 Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory is a full form of
RDRAM. This type or RAM chips works in parallel, which
allows you to achieve a data rate of 800 MHz or 1,600
Mbps. It generates much more heat as they operate at such
high speeds.
VRAM (Video)
 RAM optimized for video adapters is called VRAM.
These chips have two ports so that video data can be
written to chips at the same time the video adapter
regularly reads the memory to refresh the monitor’s
current display.
EDO RAM
 EDO RAM is an abbreviation of Extended Data Output
Random Access Memory. It doesn’t wait for the completion
Of the processing of the first bit before continuing to the
next one. As soon as the address of the first bit is located,
EDO DRAM begins looking for the next bit.
DDR SDRAM
 The full form of DDR SDRAM is Double Data Rate
Synchronous Dynamic Random- Access Memory. It is
just like SDRAM. The only difference between the two
is that it has a higher bandwidth, which Offers greater
speed. It’s maximum transfer rate To L2 cache which is
approximately 1,064 Mbps.
USES OF RAM

Here, are important uses of RAM:

 RAM is utilized in the computer as a scratchpad,

buffer, and main memory
 It offers a fast operating speed.
 It is also popular for its compatibility
 It offers low power dissipation
2. WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF
RAM?

 Board

 Clock

 Mode Register
 Memory Banks

 SPD Chip

 Burst Counter
BOARD
 This is the circuit board on which all the
hardware components of RAM are soldered. It
features a silicon-based semiconductor
integrated circuitry providing connections
between the memory components as well as
interfacing with the computer to allow the
processor and memory controller to access the
RAM.
CLOCK
 Unlike conventional (asynchronous) DRAM,
SDRAM’s memory operations are synchronized
to a clock’s signals, simplifying the control interface
and eliminating the need for generating pseudo
analogy signals required in conventional DRAM.
It also decreases manufacturing cost’s for the
memory’s components because faster memory could
be made at the same cost.
MODE REGISTER
 This on-chip register’s function is the
configuration of the basic device operation. It
controls the CAS (column address strobe)latency,
burst length and burst type, and is usually set up
while the computer is first powering up.
MEMORY BANKS

 This is the section with the actual memory

modules cell that store data. In SDRAM, there are always
two or more blanks, allowing one bank to be available for
access while the other is being pre-charged. This eliminates
the latency caused by precharging a single bank, which
results in increased transfer rates. It also reduces the
granularity of each bank, resulting in higher performances
at lower costs for 16MB and higher memory densities.
SPD CHIP
 SPD stands for serial presence detect. SDRAM
features an on-board SPD chip that contains
information about the memory type, size, speed
and access time. This chip lets the computer
access this information at start-up while it goes
through its power-on test cycle.
BURST COUNTER

 The burst counter is an on-chip counter that

keeps track of column addresses to enable high
speed burst access. It uses two burst types
sequential and interleaved and different burst
lengths, and these parameters can be
programmed using the mode register.
3.HOW TO TROUBLESHOOT ABOUT YOUR TOPICS
HOW TO IDENTIFY RAM PROBLEM SYMPTOMS?
 There are many different ways that you can identify RAM
failure symptoms but remember that a symptom may not
necessarily be caused by bad RAM only. There could be other
errors that could lead to similar symptoms. Here are the most
common issues faced on a PC when the RAM goes bad.
Symptom 1: Your PC runs fine when you boot it up but as
you keep using it, the performance deteriorates and finally
after a few hours your PC starts responding so slowly that it
is impossible to work on it.
Symptom 2: Randomly restarts with no apparent reason or
prompt messages on your screen. It also includes immediate
reboots after turning on your computer for the first time after
a few hours of the shutdown.
Symptom 3: Blue Screen errors (blue background with white
text displaying error codes and error messages) occur due to
many reasons and one of them is Bad Ram issues.
Symptom 4: Corrupt or inaccessible files happen due to
faulty RAM issues. When you open an app like Word or
Excel and open a file to work upon, it gets loaded in the
RAM. And when you save this file all the data entered that is
currently stored in RAM gets written on the original file
stored on your hard disk. If your RAM has issues, then the
changes made will be lost completely or partially and this
can also result in a bad file system as partial information is
being written to the original file. This scenario can occur
once in a blue moon but if you observe that it happens
frequently with most files then you need to replace your
RAM
Symptom 5: You will not be able to install new applications
or update old ones even if you have more than the required
hard disk-free space.

If you are facing a combination of one or more of the

symptoms listed above, then you most probably have a
RAM issue.
WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR BAD RAM ISSUES?

As I mentioned above that RAM is one of the most

durable pieces of hardware in your PC, then you might be
curious to know what causes RAM Failure.
Reason 1: Power Surges are the main culprit behind the
damage of almost all computer components like
motherboard, hard disk, CPU fan, and RAM. The only way
to escape a power surge is to plug all the electronic devices
in a surge protector so that the extra voltage does not affect
your device.
Reason 2: Another reason for RAM failure is a natural
agent that has spoiled many things over time and it is called
Heat. Ensure that your PC is ventilated properly and the
fans are working fine. Overheating of a single component
can result in damage to the entire motherboard and other
parts.
Reason 3: Overclocking can utilize the hardware more than
it is intended to and this can cause damage to the physical
components.
Reason 4: Manufacturing defect that may not have been
identified while passing the Quality Check and may have
worsened after the RAM was installed in a PC and put to
constant use.
Reason 5: ElectroStatic discharge or short circuits can
damage PC components especially RAM.

There are rare cases where the RAM slots on the

motherboard developed a fault and this resulted in damaging
the RAM of the PC.
RESOLUTION TO RAM ISSUES

Resolving a RAM issue involves opening up your CPU and replacing the
hardware component. This is a step that we would not recommend to carry out
and suggest you take your CPU to a service centre or engage a local technician (if
your PC is not under warranty). The above symptoms will help you identify if
you are facing bad RAM issues and help to understand why this issue could have
occurred. You can explain all that you observe based on the symptoms and causes
listed above to the technician. It would make it easy for him/her to identify the
issue and replace the RAM if needed.
If you feel that your computer appears to be slow or does
not respond only at times then it could be because your
RAM would be overloaded with many programs that are
running in the background. At this time, you can try to exit
all the applications you do not want and use Advanced
System Optimizer to optimize your system. Here are some
features of ASO.
 Windows OS Optimizer. This module includes a Memory
optimizer that can free up your RAM and boost PC
performance. It also includes a Game optimizer that allows
users to enjoy uninterrupted gaming.
 Backup & Recovery. ASO helps users backup system
files and restore them when needed.
 Security & Privacy. This app also allows users to delete
browsing history and cookies as well as encrypt their
important files with Military-grade encryption.
 Disk Cleaner & Optimizer. Helps to delete junk files and
defragment the hard disk
HERE ARE THE STEPS TO OPTIMIZE YOUR
MEMORY WITH A FEW MOUSE CLICKS.
Step 1: Download & Install the ASO from the link provided
below.

Step 2: Launch the software and click on Windows

Optimizers in the left panel of the app interface
Step 3: Now click on the Memory Optimizer option in the
right panel.

Step 4: A new window will open and will display your

Memory status.

Step 5: Click on the Optimize Now button in the right

corner of the app window.
The Final Word On Symptoms of a RAM Problem and How
to Fix It
RAM is an important part and parcel of your PC and it is
important that this piece of hardware functions properly. It
is encouraged to have high RAM to ensure that your system
runs smoothly and delivers high performance. Any extra
RAM can always be used by RAM Drive Software to be
utilized as a secondary storage device that can speed up
further your computer response time.

Once you have identified that your RAM is creating issues,

do not try to replace it and engage the services of a trained
professional to change your RAM. If the issue is not a
frequent one, then installing Advanced System Optimizer
would be the perfect solution as it can always free up your
occupied RAM with a few mouse clicks.
ACTIVITY: IDENTIFICATION
1) What is the acronym of RAM?
2) Who is the Inventor of RAM?
3) What are the two main types of RAM?
4) When was the RAM memory invented?
5) Give at least 3 signs if the computer
needs more RAM.