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Propositional and Predicates Logical Operators

Propositional logic deals with declarative statements that have a truth value of true or false, while predicate logic extends propositional logic by introducing predicates and variables. Predicate logic allows for the analysis of the scope of subjects over predicates using quantifiers like universal, existential, and uniqueness. Predicate logic is thus a more specialized and generalized representation that can deal with sets of entities, unlike propositional logic.

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26 views13 pages

Propositional and Predicates Logical Operators

Propositional logic deals with declarative statements that have a truth value of true or false, while predicate logic extends propositional logic by introducing predicates and variables. Predicate logic allows for the analysis of the scope of subjects over predicates using quantifiers like universal, existential, and uniqueness. Predicate logic is thus a more specialized and generalized representation that can deal with sets of entities, unlike propositional logic.

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Abdul Basat
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Propositional and Predicates Logical

Operators
What Is the Predicate of a Sentence?

 What Is the Predicate of a Sentence?


 The predicate is the part of a sentence (or clause) that tells us what the subject
does or is. For example:Jack eats garlic snails..
 (In this sentence, "Jack" is the subject. The rest of the sentence (highlighted) is the
predicate. It tells us what Jack does.)Jack is disgusting.
 (This time, the predicate tells us what Jack is.)
 To put it another way, the predicate is everything that is not the subject. At the
heart of every predicate is a verb (shown in bold).
Easy Examples of Predicates
 In each example below, the predicate is shaded. (The subjects of the sentences
aren't.)Elvis lives.
 Adam lives in Bangor.
 The telegram contained exciting news.
 The girls in our office are experienced instructors.
 People can come up with statistics to prove anything. Forty percent of all
people know that. (Homer Simpson)
 With $10,000, we would be millionaires! We could buy all kinds of useful things
like...love. (Homer)
Difference between
Propositional Logic
and Predicate Logic
1. Propositional Logic :
 A proposition is basically a declarative sentence that has a truth value. Truth value can either
be true or false, but it needs to be assigned any of the two values and not be ambiguous. The
purpose of using propositional logic is to analyze a statement, individually or compositely.
 For example :
The following statements :

 If x is real, then x2 > 0


 What is your name?
 (a+b)2 = 100
 This statement is false.
 This statement is true.
 Are not propositions because they do not have a truth value. They are ambiguous.
But the following statements :
 (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
 If x is real, then x2 >= 0
 If x is real, then x2 < 0
 The sun rises in the east.
 The sun rises in the west.
 Are all propositions because they have a specific truth value, true or false.
 The branch of logic that deals with proposition is propositional logic.
2. Predicate Logic :
 Predicates are properties, additional information to better express the subject of
the sentence. A quantified predicate is a proposition , that is, when you assign
values to a predicate with variables it can be made a proposition.
 For example :
 In P(x) : x>5, x is the subject or the variable and ‘>5’ is the predicate.
 P(7) : 7>5 is a proposition where we are assigning values to the variable x, and it
has a truth value, i.e. True.
 The set of values that the variables of the predicate can assume is called the
Universe or Domain of Discourse or Domain of Predicate.
Propositional Logic Predicate Logic

Predicate logic is an expression consisting of


Propositional logic is the logic that deals with a collection of declarative statements which variables with a specified domain. It consists
1
have a truth value, true or false. of objects, relations and functions between the
objects.

It is an extension of propositional logic


2 It is the basic and most widely used logic. Also known as Boolean logic.
covering predicates and quantification.

A predicate’s truth value depends on the


3 A proposition has a specific truth value, either true or false.
variables’ value.
Predicate logic helps analyze the scope of the subject over the predicate. There are
three quantifiers : Universal Quantifier ( ∀) depicts for all, Existential Quantifier
4 Scope analysis is not done in propositional logic.
(∃) depicting there exists some and Uniqueness Quantifier ( ∃!) depicting exactly
one.

Propositions are combined with Logical Operators or Logical


Connectives like Negation(¬), Disjunction( ∨), Conjunction( ∧),
5 Predicate Logic adds by introducing quantifiers to the existing proposition.
Exclusive OR(⊕), Implication(⇒), Bi-Conditional or Double
Implication(⇔).

6 It is a more generalized representation. It is a more specialized representation.

7 It cannot deal with sets of entities. It can deal with set of entities with the help of quantifiers.

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