CSC111

Introduction to Computer Science

Course Instructors:
Prof. B. S. Aribisala
Dr. U. C. Ogude

Department of Computer Science

Lagos State of University
Computer Processing Models and Networking
 Processing Models
 Batch Processing
 Real-Time Processing
 On-Line Processing
 Time-Sharing Processing
 Distributed Data Processing

 Networks
 Hierarchical Networks
 Peer to Pear Networks
 Local Area Networks (LAN)
 Wide Area Networks (WAN)
 Internet
 Security on Networks
BATCH PROCESSING
Batch processing is the processing of transactions in a group or batch.

No user interaction is required once batch processing is underway.

This differentiates batch processing from transaction processing, which

involves processing transactions one at a time and requires user
interaction.

Batch processing can be carried out at any time, it is particularly

suitable to end-of-cycle processing, such as for processing a bank's

reports at the end of a day or generating monthly or biweekly payrolls.

NOTE:
Batch processing is a technique for automating and processing multiple

transactions as a single group.

Batch processing helps in handling tasks like payroll, end-of-month

reconciliation, or settling trades overnight.

Batch processing systems can save money and labor over time, but they

may be costly to design and implement up-front.

Understanding Batch Processing
Batch processing jobs are run on regularly scheduled times (e.g.,

overnight) or on an as-needed basis. Example, bills for utilities and other

services received by consumers are typically generated by batch

processing each month.

Batch processing is beneficial because it is a cost-effective means of

handling large amounts of data at once.

One requirement is that the inputs for the processing must be

correct or else the results of the whole batch will be faulty, which would

cost time and money.

Batch Processing
Real-Time Processing
Real Time = immediately, now

Real-time data processing is the execution of data in a short time

period, providing near speedy output.

The processing is done as the data is inputted, so it needs a continuous

stream of input data in order to provide a continuous output.

In contrast, a batch data processing system collects data and then
processes all the data in bulk in a later time, which also means output is
received at a later time.

Real-time data processing is also known as stream processing.

 Examples of real-time data processing systems are:
 Bank ATMs,
 traffic control systems
 modern computer systems such as the PC
 mobile devices.

Requirements
 Real-Time Processing requires dual-purpose input and output devices,
such as terminal and VDUs.

Uses
 It is useful in specialized or transaction applications, and in
situations where time is a critical factor, e.g. in airline reservations,
banks, e.t.c
On-line Processing
It concern the equipment which is connected or re-engaged and
functioning with the CPU and main Programs, e.g. teletype units,
consoles card-readers, OCR, VDU etc.

It is at least a one-way communication between operators at

terminals and the CPU.

Note:
An On-line system is not always a real time (Immediately inquiry
response) System, but real-time systems must have an On-line
Capability and equipment.
Time-sharing Processing
Time-sharing, in data processing, method of operation in which multiple

users with different programs interact nearly concurrently with the

central processing unit of a large-scale digital computer.

the central processor operates significantly faster
it has sufficient time to solve several discrete problems during the
input/output process.
Time-sharing Processing
Time-sharing was developed during the late 1950s and early ’60s to make

more efficient use of expensive processor time.

Commonly used time-sharing techniques include multiprocessing, parallel

operation, and multiprogramming.

Computer networks organized for the purpose of exchanging data and

resources are centred on time-sharing systems.

Distributed Data Processing
Distributed data processing is a computer-networking method in which multiple
computers across different locations share computer-processing capability.

This is in contrast to a single, centralized server managing and providing

processing capability to all connected systems.

Computers that comprise the distributed data-processing network are located at

different locations but interconnected by means of wireless or satellite links.
Networking
 A network consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and
they can communicate and share resources (e.g. information)

A network connects one computer to other computers and peripheral devices, enabling you to share data
and resources with others
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as
printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications.
Networking
Network: A collection of computing devices that are connected in various

ways in order to communicate and share resources

Usually, the connections between computers in a network are made using

physical wires or cables

 The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone

lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

However, some connections are wireless, using radio waves or infrared

signals
Networking
The generic (basic) term node or host refers to any device on a network

Data transfer rate The speed with which data is moved from one place
on a network to another

Data transfer rate is a key issue in computer networks

Server:

Any device on a network providing a special engine service.

File server A computer that stores and manages files for multiple users on a
network
Web server A computer dedicated to responding to requests (from the
browser client) for web pages
 File Transfer:

This is core of LAN. It is a microcomputer that runs the network

operating system and controls the activities of the network.

 Host:

A computer within a network designed for running application, time-

sharing operations, services like database access, and special
programs or languages a workstation.

 Node: Any device PC or terminal on a LAN

 Protocol:

A set of rules governing data transmission. All devices involved with

sending or Receiving of data on the network must accept the
procedure in order to communicate.
 Bridge:

Any device (i.e combination of hardware and software) that can form an
interface between two similar LANs.

 Routers:

While bridges can link similar LANs that do not necessarily have the same
protocols, a router can only send data through compatible protocols path.

 Repeater:

A device set of interval along a circuit to regenerate or boost the signal

preventing its decay over distance. Repeaters regenerate digital signals
without change; they simply boost analog signals.

 Topology:

This refers to the configuration among nodes, including the wiring scheme
(ring, bus or star)
Hierarchical Networks
A hierarchical network is the type of network topology in which a central
"root" node (the top level of the hierarchy) is connected to one or more
other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the second level)
with a point-to-point link between each of the second level nodes and the
top level central "root" node,

while each of the second level nodes that are connected to the top level
central "root" node will also have one or more other nodes that are one level
lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the third level) connected to it, also with a
point-to-point link, the top level central "root" node being the only node
that has no other node above it in the hierarchy.
Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P)
In a P2P network, the "peers" are computer systems which are connected

to each other via the Internet.

Files can be shared directly between systems on the network without the

need of a central server, that is, each computer on a P2P network becomes

a file server as well as a client.

The only requirements for a computer to join a peer-to-peer network are

Internet connection and P2P software.

Peer-to-Peer Networks
Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup

No hierarchy among computers  all are equal

No administrator responsible for the network

Peer-to-peer
Advantages of peer-to-peer networks:
• Low cost
• Simple to configure
• User has full accessibility of the computer

Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks:

• May have duplication in resources
• Difficult to uphold security policy
• Difficult to handle uneven loading

Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate:

• 10 or less users
• No specialized services required
• Security is not an issue
• Only limited growth in the foreseeable future
Clients and Servers
Network Clients (Workstation)

 Computers that request network resources or services

Network Servers

 Computers that manage and provide network resources and

services to clients
 Usually have more processing power, memory and hard disk
space than clients
 Run Network Operating System that can manage not only data,
but also users, groups, security, and applications on the network
 Servers often have a more stringent requirement on its
performance and reliability
Advantages of client/server networks
• Facilitate resource sharing – centrally administrate and control
• Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance
• Enhance security – only administrator can have access to Server
• Support more users – difficult to achieve with peer-to-peer
networks

Disadvantages of client/server networks

• High cost for Servers
• Need expert to configure the network
• Introduce a single point of failure to the system
Types of Networks
Local Area Networks (LAN)

Wire Area Networks (WAN)

Local Area Networks (LAN)
Local Area Network (LAN) A network that connects a relatively small
number of machines in a relatively close geographical area
 Small network, short distance

 A room, a floor, a building

 Limited by no. of computers and distance covered

 Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN

 Serve a department within an organization

 Examples:

 Network inside the Student Computer Room

 Network inside CF502

 Network inside your home

 Various configurations, called topologies, have been used to administer
LANs

 Ring topology A configuration that connects all nodes in a closed

loop on which messages travel in one direction

 Star topology A configuration that centers around one node to

which all others are connected and through which all messages are
sent

 Bus topology All nodes are connected to a single communication

line that carries messages in both directions
Various Network Topologies

 A bus technology called Ethernet has become the industry standard

for local-area networks
Topology ― 3 basic types
 How so many computers are connected together?
Bus Topology Ring Topology

Star Topology

Hub
Bus Topology
 Simple and low-cost
 A single cable called a trunk (backbone, segment)
 Only one computer can send messages at a time
 Passive topology - computer only listen for, not regenerate data

Star Topology
 Each computer has a cable connected to a single point
 More cabling, hence higher cost
 All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire network down
 Depending on the intelligence of hub, two or more computers may send
message at the same time
How to construct a network with Bus / Star Topology?

Bus Topology Star Topology

Coaxial
cable

BNC T-
Connector

Network Card
Ring Topology
 Every computer serves as a repeater
to boost signals
 Typical way to send data:
Ack T
• Token passing T
T
• only the computer who gets the T dat T dat
token can send data a a
 Disadvantages T
T
• Difficult to add computers T Ack
T Ack
dat
• More expensive a
T
• If one computer fails, whole
network fails T Ack
Wide Area Networks (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that connects two or more
local area networks over a large geographic distance or area

One particular node on a LAN is set up to serve as a gateway to handle

all communication going between that LAN and other networks
Communication between networks is called internetworking

 The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the ultimate wide

area network, spanning the entire globe

Local Area Networks connected across a distance
to create a Wide Area Network

Gateways: Gateways are used to connect dissimilar networks.

Gateways handle messages, addresses, and protocol conversions necessary to
deliver a message from one network or another.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A network that uses long-range telecommunication links to connect 2 or
more LANs/computers housed in different places far apart. Towns,
states, countries
Examples:
 Network of our Campus
Your home
 Internet

 Banks and Oil companies with different offices

all over the country

USA
WAN
Student Computer
Centre
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): The communication
infrastructures that have been developed in and around large
cities.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) : LAN limited to one city
or metropolis
Internet
The internet is a globally connected network system that uses TCP/IP to
transmit data via various types of media.

The internet is a network of global exchanges – including private, public,

business, academic and government networks – connected by guided,
wireless and fiber-optic technologies.

The Internet is the largest network in the world, connecting millions of

people

 Electronic mail

 World Wide Web

 Web page

 Web site
 The terms internet and World Wide Web are often used

interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same thing

 The internet refers to the global communication system, including

hardware and infrastructure, while the web is one of the services

communicated over the internet.

So, who owns the Internet?
Well, nobody does. No single person or company owns the Internet or

even controls it entirely.

As a wide-area network, it is made up of many smaller networks. These

smaller networks are often owned and managed by a person or

organization.

The Internet, then, is really defined by how connections can be made

between these networks.

Internet Connections
Internet backbone A set of high-speed networks that
carry Internet traffic

These networks are provided by companies such as

AT&T, GTE, and IBM

Internet service provider (ISP) A company that provides

other companies or individuals with access to the Internet
Internet Connections
There are various technologies available that you can use to connect a home
computer to the Internet

 A phone modem converts computer data into an analog audio signal for
transfer over a telephone line, and then a modem at the destination
converts it back again into data

 A digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone lines to

transfer digital data to and from the phone company’s central office

 A cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV signals come in
on to transfer the data back and forth
Internet Connections

Broadband A connection in which transfer speeds are faster than

128 bits per second

 DSL connections and cable modems are broadband connections

 The speed for downloads (getting data from the Internet to

your home computer) may not be the same as uploads (sending

data from your home computer to the Internet)

Security on Networks
Security refers to the steps a computer owner takes to prevent
unauthorized use of or damage to the computer

 Malware
 Viruses
– Antivirus software
 Spyware
 Adware

Firewall

Phishing

Pharming
Security on Networks
Password protection can prevent people accessing computer systems,
accounts, files or parts of files by requiring a user to enter a password.

This prevents people damaging files or getting into e-mail accounts or

network accounts and disrupting them.

It is a standard security precaution on many computer systems.

Password security is at no cost to the network and is potential a useful

security measures. Password that are chosen should be those that could
be easily remembered.