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Differentian EquationChapter 1 Basic Concepts

1. A differential equation is an equation involving an unknown function and its derivatives. Ordinary differential equations involve derivatives with respect to one independent variable, while partial differential equations involve derivatives with respect to two or more independent variables. 2. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the power to which the highest derivative is raised. Linear differential equations can be written in a standard form, while nonlinear equations do not fit this form. 3. For a function to be a solution to a differential equation, its derivatives must exist and satisfy the equation. General solutions contain arbitrary constants, while particular solutions assign specific values to the constants.

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Hassan Gandamra
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36 views

Differentian EquationChapter 1 Basic Concepts

1. A differential equation is an equation involving an unknown function and its derivatives. Ordinary differential equations involve derivatives with respect to one independent variable, while partial differential equations involve derivatives with respect to two or more independent variables. 2. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the power to which the highest derivative is raised. Linear differential equations can be written in a standard form, while nonlinear equations do not fit this form. 3. For a function to be a solution to a differential equation, its derivatives must exist and satisfy the equation. General solutions contain arbitrary constants, while particular solutions assign specific values to the constants.

Uploaded by

Hassan Gandamra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELEMENTARY DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS 1
1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS

A differential equation (D.E)


- is an equation containing derivatives of one or more dependent
variables with respect to one or more independent variables.

• An equation involving an unknown function and its


derivatives.
EXAMPLES:
• If the unknown function depends on only one
independent variable, the equation is an ordinary
differential equation(O.D.E).

Some related notation:


,
• If the unknown function depends on two or more independent
variables, the differential equation is a partial differential
equation(P.D.E).

Some related notation:


,
• Equations 1, 2 and 3 are ordinary differential equations, since the
unknown functions 𝑦 depends on the single variable 𝑥.
• Equation 4 and 5 are partial differential equations since the unknown
functions depends upon two variables 𝑡 and 𝑢.
• Equation 1 involves differentials while the rest involve derivatives.

• When an equation involves one or more derivatives with


respect to a particular variable, that variable is called an
independent variable . A variable is called dependent if a
derivative of the variable occurs.
Dependent Variable Independent Variable
EXAMPLES:
x or y x or y

y x
y x
z,y t ,u

x, y t
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest
derivative appearing in the equation.

The degree of a differential equation is the power to which the


highest order derivative is raised when the differential coefficient
are free from radicals or functions.
EXAMPLES: Order Degree
1 1
2 3
4 1
2 1
3 2
Notation:
The expressions are often used to represent, respectively, the first,
second, third, fourth,..., derivatives of with respect to the
independent variable under consideration.

General form of an Ordinary differential equation:

Standard form of an Ordinary differential equation:


***
• All of the equations that we will consider are of order
one, and hence may be written

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
It is sometimes convenient to use and write the equation
in the form
𝑀 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑁 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 =0
A linear differential equation of order is any differential
equation that can be written in the following form

Examples:
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ − 6 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
A nonlinear differential equation is any differential equation
which is not a linear differential equation.
Examples:

( ) =0
4 2 6
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 −5 𝑦 −
𝑑𝑥
4
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥

( )
𝟑

( )
𝟐 𝟓
𝒅 𝒚 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 −𝒆 =𝒙𝒚
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Exercises: Complete the table below:
Type of
Dependent Differential
Differential Equations: Independent
Equation:
Linear/Non- Order Degree
Variable Variable Linear
ODE/PDE

2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

7.
A function , defined on an interval , is called a solution of a differential
equation provided that the derivatives of the function exists on the
interval and

Types of Solution:

• General solution – which is the solution containing a number of


arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation.

• Particular Solution - which is the solution obtained from the


general solution by assigning particular values to the arbitrary
constants.
Examples:

1. Is a solution of ?
Solution:

First we find the derivatives and

Hence,

Thus, for all values of is a solution of the differential equation


Example:

2. Is a solution of ?
Solution:
Observe that left side of the equation is nonnegative for
every real function and any , since it is the sum of terms
raised to an even exponents, while the right side of the
equation is negative. Thus,
is not a solution of .

Moreover, since no function that will satisfy this


differential equation, the differential equation
has no solution.
1.2 The Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

• The inverse process of obtaining the differential equation from


the general solution is done by eliminating the arbitrary
constants from the general solution.
• Methods for the elimination of arbitrary constants vary with the
way in which the constants enter the relation. A method which is
efficient for one problem may be poor for another. Since each
differentiation yields a new relation, number of derivatives that
need to be used is the same as the number of arbitrary constants
to be eliminated. We shall in each case determine the differential
equation that is
• of order equal to the number of arbitrary constants in the given
relation.
• consistent with that relation

• free from arbitrary constants.


Example 1.

Find the differential equation whose general solution is

Solution:
Example 2.

Find the differential equation whose general solution is

Solution:
Example 3.

Find the differential equation whose general solution is

.
Solution:
Example 4.

Find the differential equation whose general solution is

Solution:

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