Electrical Circuit

Fundamentals
Lecturer: Res. Asst. Dr. Ekrem BAŞER
Contact:[email protected]
Contents
This week we will discuss
• Superposition Theorem
• Source Transformation
Sources

Independent Voltage Source Dependent Voltage Source

Independent Current Source Dependent Current Source

Linear Circuits
• The linear circuit is an electric circuit and the parameters of this
circuit are resistance, capacitance, inductance and etc are constant.
The parameters of the circuits are not changed with respect to the
voltage and current is called the linear circuit.
• The non-linear circuit is also an electric circuit and the parameters of
this circuit differ with respect to the current and the voltage. The
parameters like waveforms, resistance, inductance and etc are not
constant is called as Non-linear circuit.
Linearity Property
• Homogeneity property requires that if an input is multiplied by a
constant, then the output is multiplied by the same constant
v=iR → kv=kiR
• Additivity property requires that the response to a sum of inputs is
the sum of the responses to each input applied separately.

v1 = i1 R and v2 = i2 R
→ v = (i1 + i2) R = v1 + v2
Circuit Theorems
• Circuits can be analysed using Kirchhoff’s laws without tampering
with their original configurations.
• For complex and large circuits, using kirchhoff’s laws will be
tedious.
• So circuit theorems can be used to simplify circuit analysis.
Superposition Theorem
• The voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit
is the algebraic sum of the voltage across (or currents through) that
element due to EACH independent source acting alone.
• The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a linear circuit with
more than one independent source by calculating the contribution of
each independent source separately.
Steps of Superposition Theorem
1.Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output
(voltage or current) due to that active source using nodal or mesh
analysis.
2.Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3.Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the
contributions due to the independent sources.
Superposition Theorem
What you need to know
1.Turn off
• Independent voltage sources are replaced by 0 V (short circuit) and
• Independent current sources are replaced by 0 A (open circuit).
2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by
circuit variables
Example

Use superposition theorem to find i1,i2,i3,i4 ?

6Ω 2Ω

i1 i3
120 V 3 4Ω 12 A
+-

i2 Ω i4
 Use KCL at

Solution + =0

𝑉 1 − 120 𝑉 1 𝑉1
2 + + =0
6 V1 Ω 6 3 2+ 4
Ω
i11 i31 open circuit for =30V
current source
120 V 3 4
+-

i21 Ω i41 Ω =

=
 Solution Use KCL at

6Ω V 2 V
𝑉 3 𝑉 3 𝑉 3 −𝑉 4
Ω + + =0
3 4 6 3 2
i12 i32
short circuit for
voltage source 3 𝑉 4 − 6 𝑉 3=0
3 4 12
i22 Ω i42 Ω A
Use KCL at

𝑉 4 −𝑉 3 𝑉 4
+ +12=0
2 4
= =+
2 𝑉 3 − 3 𝑉 4 =48
= =+

=+
=
=+
Source Transformation
•A transformation that allow a voltage source in series with a
resistor to be replaced by a current source in parallel with the same
resistor or vice versa.
The arrow of the current source is
directed toward the positive
terminal of the voltage source.
Example
• Use a source transformation to determine

𝑉 𝑠 =4 ∗3=12 𝑉

12
𝐼= =0,857
4 +2+ 8

𝑉 0=8 ∗ 0,857=6,857 𝑉
Example
• Use a source transformation to determine

12
𝐼 𝑠= =3 𝐴
4

4 ∗8
𝑅 𝑒𝑞= =2 , 66 Ω
4+ 8
8
𝐼= =0 , 75 𝐴
2,667+ 8
𝑉 0=8 ∗ 0 ,75=6 𝑉
Example
• Use a source transformation to determine

𝑉 =4 ∗ 3=12𝑉

𝑅 𝑒𝑞=4+ 2=6 Ω

4
𝐼= =0 , 4 𝐴
6∗3 2+8
𝑅 𝑒𝑞= =2 Ω
6+2
𝑉 0=8 ∗ 0 , 4=3 ,2 𝑉
Examples
• Examples on the board.