Scribd
Upload
19 views

04 - Bandpass Modulation

Bandpass modulation involves mapping digital symbols to waveforms compatible with communication channels. It modulates a carrier wave rather than baseband pulses. Benefits include frequency division multiplexing, interference minimization, and meeting design requirements like filtering and amplification. Digital modulation maximizes bitrate for a given bandwidth. Common techniques are amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK) which vary a carrier wave's amplitude, frequency, or phase. Quaternary PSK (QPSK) maps 2 bits to 4 phases using in-phase and quadrature carriers. It achieves a higher bitrate than BPSK within the same bandwidth.

Uploaded by

gametech163
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views

04 - Bandpass Modulation

Bandpass modulation involves mapping digital symbols to waveforms compatible with communication channels. It modulates a carrier wave rather than baseband pulses. Benefits include frequency division multiplexing, interference minimization, and meeting design requirements like filtering and amplification. Digital modulation maximizes bitrate for a given bandwidth. Common techniques are amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK) which vary a carrier wave's amplitude, frequency, or phase. Quaternary PSK (QPSK) maps 2 bits to 4 phases using in-phase and quadrature carriers. It achieves a higher bitrate than BPSK within the same bandwidth.

Uploaded by

gametech163
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 53

Bandpass Modulation

Why modulate?
• Digital modulation is the process by which digital symbols are
transformed into waveforms that are compatible with the
characteristics of the channel.
• The process of mapping a digital sequence to signals for transmission
over a communication channel
• Baseband modulation – waveforms usually take the form of shaped
pulses
• Bandpass - the shaped pulses modulate a sinusoid called a carrier
wave.
• Size of antenna in lower frequencies.
Modulation
• Other benefits such as
• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
• Minimize the effects of interference
• Can be used to place a signal in a frequency band where design requirements,
such as filtering, and amplification, can be easily met. Recall RF to IF in a
receiver

• One of the important requirements of a digital transmission system is


to maximize the available bitrate for a given bandwidth.
Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques
• The sinusoid has just three features that can be used to distinguish it
from other sinusoids: amplitude, frequency, and phase
• The general form of the carrier wave is

Where is the time-varying amplitude and is the time-varying angle and


can be rewritten as
Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques

Where is the radian frequency of the carrier and is the phase

is used when frequency is in Hertz, while when the frequency is in


radians per second. The two parameters are related by
Digital Bandpass Modulation Techniques
Basic Bandpass Modulation/Demodulation
Types
Coherent vs Non-Coherent
Detection/Demodulation
• Coherent detection - when the receiver exploits knowledge of the
carrier’s phase to detect the signals
• Non-coherent - when the phase reference information is not utilized.
Phase estimation is not required. Reduced complexity but increase in
the Probability of error
Digital Modulation Schemes
• Digital communication systems operate by mapping binary data bits
to symbols to convey information.
• Modulation schemes can be based on phase and the amplitude, the I
and Q component.
Phase Representation of a Sinusoid
• From Euler’s theorem, we can represent a complex number by a
trigonometric function and exponential function
Phase Representation of a Sinusoid

With this compact form, is contained the two important components


of any sinusoidal carrier wave, namely
In-phase (Real) and the Quadrature (Imaginary) components that are
orthogonal to each other
Phasor Representation of a Sinusoid
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• Analytic expression:

Binary ASK signaling where also called on-off keying (OOK) was one of
the earliest form of digital modulation

ASK is no longer widely used in digital communication systems


Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Analytic expression:
FSK in the Frequency Domain
Frequency Deviation

baud
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• Analytic expression:
Common Digital Phase Modulation Schemes
• Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) -1 bit per symbol
• Quaternary Phase Shit Keying (QPSK) -2 bits per symbol
• 8-Phase Shift Keying (8PSK) -3 bits per symbol
• A constellation diagram, which is sometimes called a signal state-
space diagram, is similar to a phasor diagram except that the entire
phasor is not drawn. In a constellation diagram, only the relative
positions of the peaks of the phasors are shown.
Quaternary Phase Shit Keying (QPSK)
8-Phase Shift Keying (8PSK)
Digital Amplitude Modulation Schemes
• The most popular amplitude-based digital modulation schemes are:
• 4-position Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (4-QAM) – 2 bits per
symbol
• 16 QAM – 4 bits per symbol
• 64 QAM – 6 bits per symbol
Waveform Amplitude Coefficient

Assuming the signal to be a voltage or a current waveform represents average


power (normalized to 1

Replacing watts by joules/ seconds, we get


Why use the equation with energy
• Since the energy of a received signal is the key parameter in
determining the error performance of the detection process
• Facilitates solving directly for the probability of error as a function of
signal energy
Detection of Signals in Gaussian Noise
• The bandpass model of the detection is virtually identical to the
baseband model
• Performing bandpass linear signal processing, followed by
heterodyning the signal
• Heterodyning refers to a frequency conversion or mixing process that
yields a spectral shift in the signal
• The bit to symbol mapping process can be thought of as separating
the binary data into groups of bits, and then transmitting the
appropriate symbol
• The demapping is the reverse process, deciding which symbol was
sent, based on the received symbol sample.
• Normally, the received symbol samples contain some degree of error,
as a result of noise, other channel effects, and symbol timing errors.
• Symbol demapping is performed by comparing each received symbol
sample with decision boundaries (decision region).
Decision Boundaries
Important Formulas
• Information Capacity
• M-ary Encoding – Number of bits necessary
• Baud where time of one singaling element (symbol rate or baud per
second)
Nyquist Bandwidth or Nyquist Frequency
• According to H. Nyquist, binary digital signals can be propagated
through an ideal noiseless transmission medium at a rate equal to
two times the bandwidth of the medium.

where - bit rate in bps


– ideal Nyquist bandwidth
Channel Capacity for multilevel signaling

where channel capacity (bps)


= minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Hertz)
number of discrete signal or voltage levels
Bandwidth for M-ary digitally modulated
carrier
• Rearranging previous equation

• If information bits are encoded (grouped)

Note: except FSK


Example Problems
1. Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth necessary to pass 10
kbps binary signal using ASK

ASK ,
Minimum Bandwidth of FSK
• FSK is the exception to the rule for digital modulation

where minimum Nyquist bandwidth (hertz)


frequency deviation
input bit rate (bps)

Note the equation resembles Carson’s rule in FM modulation where the modulating frequency
signal is replaced by bit rate
Example
• Determine (a) the peak frequency deviation (b) minimum bandwidth,
and (c) baud for a binary FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz,
a space frequency of 51 kHz, and an input bit rate of 2 kbps.

a.
b. For FSK, , baud =
Bessel Function to determine approximate
bandwidth
Bessel Function to determine approximate
bandwidth

Where highest fundamental frequency , input bit rate (bps)


Bessel Function to determine approximate
bandwidth
Modulation index in FM is also valid for FSK

and
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
• QPSK is an M-ary encoding scheme
• N=2 and M=4 (hence, the name “quaternary”)
• Four output phases are possible
• Requires more than a single input bit to determine the output
• Two bits are combined into groups called dibits
• 00, 01, 10 , and 11
• Four output phases (
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
• The I bit modulates a carrier that is in phase with the reference
oscillator (hence the name “I” for “in phase” channel), and the Q bit
modulates a carrier that is 90° out of phase or in quadrature with the
reference carrier (hence the name “Q” for “quadrature” channel).
The principle of operation of a balanced
modulator states that if two signals at different
frequencies are passed through a non-linear

QPSK Modulator resistance then at the output, we get an AM


signal with suppressed carrier. The device
having a non-linear resistance can be a diode or
a JFET or even a bipolar transistor.
QPSK Bandwidth
• Input data is divided into two channel I and Q
• The bit rate in either I or Q channel is equal to
• The output of I and Q balanced modulator requires a minimum
double sided Nyquist bandwidth equal to one-half of the incoming bit
rate
• From BPSK the baud and bit rate are equal
For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate () equal to 10 Mbps and a
carrier frequency of 70 MHz, determine the minimum double-sided
Nyquist bandwidth () and the baud
• Bit rate in both the I and Q channels is equal to one-half of the
transmission bit rate

The highest fundamental frequency presented to either balanced


modulator
Bandwidth from equation
Probabilistic Constellation Shaping
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drooUUV77ng

You might also like