GLOBAL POSITIONING

SYSTEM

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Contents
Introduction
Segments of GPS

Working Principle of GPS

GPS Data:

2D & 3D Data

Differential GPS

GPS and Maps

Errors and Accuracy

Limitations

Setting up of a receiver

Garmin Etrex Vista GPS Receiver

Positioning

Interfacing with PC

Advanced Set up

Points worth remembering

GPS and its uses in UNH

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Introduction

Positioning: Where am I?
Navigation: Where am I going?

(Revisiting)
WGS 84: World Geodetic System

1984: A mathematical model of

presenting Earth’s projection on paper.

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Introduction….
Positioning:
• Waypoint: A landmark on
one’s way (recorded using
positioning/mapping or
navigation)
• Route: Lines connecting
waypoints
• Track: Logs of trails.

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Introduction….
 GPS system: A network of
satellites that continuously
transmit coded information
for locating a point on earth
by measuring the distance
from the satellites receiver.
 GPS Satellites: A group of
U.S. Department of Defense
Satellites constantly circling
the earth and transmitting
very low power radio
signals.
 Fee: No subscription fees or
set up charges to use
ordinary GPS.

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Introduction…

Navigation =>
Positioning => Known Points
Know points

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Segments of GPS
1. Space Segment (21 out of 24 Satellites
operational, 12h revolving, min 6 can be seen)
2. Control Segment (4 unmanned and 1 master
control stations at ground).
3. User Segment

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Satellites configuration

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Working Principle
 GPS receivers compares the time
transmitted by satellites with its time.
 Time difference tells GPS receiver how
far away the satellite is
i.e. distance = velocity of radio wave x
travel time
 3 satellites for a 2D position (x, y)
 4 or more satellites for a 3D (x, y, z).

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 GPS Data
 Longitudes, Latitudes and Elevations of
current positions in a desired format.
 Navigate to desired positions.
 Trip information (current heading,
current speed, average speed, current
location, time and date, trip odometer
and trip computer readouts.)
 Sunrise/set, moon rise/set at a location
(Eid in Afghanistan), Calendar, etc….

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 2D & 3D Data

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 2D & 3D Data

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Differential GPS
 A special GPS
capable of
receiving
corrected
signal from a
nearby known
DGPS
transmitter.
 Higher
accuracy

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 GPS and Maps
GPS with:
 No map: useful for taking relative measurements

of waypoint, distance, tracks and routes.

 Base map: Maps with states, metro, roads, lakes,

rivers, airports, cities and other major data.

 Highly detailed map: streets, restaurants, public

utilities, banks, gas stations, tourist information,

topographical details, etc.
 Recommendation: GPS with world map, built in

altimeter, USB data cable (example: Garmin

Etrex Vista Cx with world map).

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 GPS & Maps: Projections

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 GPS & Maps: Projections

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 GPS & Maps: Projections

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 GPS & Maps: Projections

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Errors and Accuracy
 Ionosphere error: satellite signals
slows as it passes through
atmosphere.
 Multi path signal : GPS signal is
reflected off objects such as tall
buildings, large rocks etc.
 Receiver clock errors: Not having an
atomic clock in a GPS.
 Fewer visible satellites.
Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply
February 18, 2024
 Limitations of GPS
 Blocked Signal
 Inside Buildings
 In Caves
 In Parking Garages
 Subterranean
Location
 Under Water

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Setting up a GPS Receiver
 Install batteries.
 Power on.
 Adjust screen contrast and backlighting.
 Set up for desired output format and
location.
 Move to a required page (Satellite status,
map and trip information pages).
 Perform required action: Position,
Navigate, Find, Setup, data transfer, play
game, Use as a calendar, etc.
 Power off
Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply
February 18, 2024
 Garmin Etrex Vista GPS Receiver

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Garmin Etrex Vista GPS Receiver

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Garmin Etrex Vista GPS Receiver:
Main Pages

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Garmin Etrex Vista GPS Receiver:
Common Menus

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Positioning Process: Waypoint
 Press enter for a while (2 seconds).
 Change the default waypoint symbol.
 Change the default waypoint name.
 Replace the actual elevation if known
(Refine a 2D position).
 Press OK.
 Delete, Goto and Map are also available.
 Proceed further (walk/drive) to record
tracks/routes.
Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply
February 18, 2024
 Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply
February 18, 2024
 Interfacing with PC
 Exchange to and from GPS and PC
through a serial port or an USB:
 Waypoints.
 Routes.
 Track logs and
 Map Source Data (GARMIN).
 DGPS data (GARMIN DGPS).
 Other formats (text, etc.)

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Interfacing with PC: The main Screen

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Interfacing with PC: The main Screen

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Advanced Set up
 Includes automatic transferring GPS reading
so that the data can be directly plotted on the
tailored local maps.
 An Example for Nepal: MUTM

Horizontal Datum
Spheroid: Everest 1830
Projection: Modified Universal Transverse Mercator
Origin: Longitude 84° East, Latitude 0° North
False co-ordinates of origin: 500 000 m Easting
0 m Northing
Scale Factor at Central Meridian 0.9999

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 Advanced Set up

 Origin:@ Longitude of 65o

 False E = 5,000,000m (E is 5-6Mm)
 False N = 0m (N is 3-4Mm)
 Scale Factor = 0.9996
 WGS84
 UNH Kabul (3860708,5841481,1724)
Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply
February 18, 2024
 Points worth Remembering
 Needs to receive at least 3 satellites for 2D.
 With 4 satellites (or more), it gives elevation too.
 Horizontal position is accurate between 7 & 15 m if
# The satellite are far enough and not in the same
direction
# Not in the same line.
# More satellites are visible.
BUT ELEVATION IS NEVER RELIABLE ±35m (with in-
built altimeter, ±20m)
 The antenna has to be upright if the GPS has an
external antenna.
 GPS gives accurate results after a while of positing.

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 GPS & its uses in UNH
 GIS: Location of CDC, CCDC, etc.
 Road: Location of different points along roads.
 Surveying: For bearing and benchmark
coordinates.
 MHP:
• Mapping of the locations (latitude and longitude) of
different civil structures during the pre feasibility survey.
• Mapping of altitudes if digital altimeter is in-built in the
GPS receiver.
• Fixing the transmission and distribution line routes.
Fixing the pole stations (way points). GPS can be used
both in the pre-feasibility and detailed feasibility
transmission line surveying.
 Water Supply: Locations and pipe length.
 Navigation of above waypoints.
Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply
February 18, 2024
 GPS & its uses in UNH: Site
Investigation Tools
Global Positioning System (GPS) Data Processing
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Afghanistan
Date 27-Jul-2007
S preads heet developed by Mr P us hpa Chitrakar Revis ion 2006.05
P roje ct Sayed Baba MHP S urve ye d by:
Location S a igha n, Ba mya n Che cke d by:
CDC/CCDC S a ye d Ba ba MHP GPS: Ga rmin Etre x Vista Cx
Angular Output Degrees Inp ut Ro ws

Reduced Series 1 Distances (m)

1 00
Series 2
0

0 5 0 1 00 1 5 0 2 00 2 5 0 3 00 3 5 0 4 00 4 5 0 5 00
Level, RL
5 5 0 6 00 Series 3 Cumulative Bearing Deflection
Series 4
Station Northing, N (m) Easting, E (m)
T im e (se c )

(m) Horizontal Actual L actual (m) (dd.mm.ssss) (dd.mm.ssss) Remarks

1 3060974.000 668470.000 729.000
2 3060990.000 668472.000 730.000 16.125 16.155 16.155 7.07300000 7.07300000
3 3061006.000 668477.000 731.000 16.763 16.793 32.948 17.21140000 10.13440000
4 3061025.000 668488.000 731.000 21.954 21.954 54.903 30.04060000 12.42510000
5 3061038.000 668507.000 734.000 23.022 23.216 78.119 55.37100000 25.33030000
6 3061049.000 668519.000 734.000 16.279 16.279 94.398 47.29220000 -8.47870000
7 3061059.000 668567.000 737.000 49.031 49.122 143.520 78.13540000 30.44300000

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 GPS & its uses in UNH: Site
Investigation Tools

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024
 GPS & its uses in UNH: Site
Investigation Tools

Interactive Training V: Site Investigation & Gravity Water Supply

February 18, 2024