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Module 4

This document discusses enteritis, or inflammation of the intestines, in animals. It defines enteritis and describes its economic importance. It notes that enteritis is commonly seen in domesticated animals and poultry. The causes of enteritis include chemicals, bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, and nutritional deficiencies. The document goes on to describe different types of enteritis based on the exudate and intestinal changes, including catarrhal, hemorrhagic, fibrinous, suppurative, and necrotic enteritis. It provides details on the pathology, causes, and symptoms of acute and chronic catarrhal enteritis.

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26 views16 pages

Module 4

This document discusses enteritis, or inflammation of the intestines, in animals. It defines enteritis and describes its economic importance. It notes that enteritis is commonly seen in domesticated animals and poultry. The causes of enteritis include chemicals, bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, and nutritional deficiencies. The document goes on to describe different types of enteritis based on the exudate and intestinal changes, including catarrhal, hemorrhagic, fibrinous, suppurative, and necrotic enteritis. It provides details on the pathology, causes, and symptoms of acute and chronic catarrhal enteritis.

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Lib Palmares
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE-4:

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM-IV
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

In this lecture the viewer will learn about the inflammation of


intestine, concretions, coligranuloma in fowls, pathology of anal
glands and neoplasms of the intestines
ENTERITIS

Definition
 Enteritis is inflammation of the whole of the intestinal tract. But
usually it is applied to the inflammation of the small intestines.
 The inflammation of the colon is called colitis , that of cecum
typhlitis, that of rectum proctitis and of cloca cloacitis or vent gleet.

Introduction
 Enteritis is of immense economic importance.
Occurrence
 Enteritis is very common in domesticated animals and fowls.
 Since enteritis occurs along with gastritis (the same irritants
causing gastritis passing on to intestines produces enteritis also)
gastro-enteritis is a frequent condition met with.
Etiology
 Causes are many and varied and they include chemicals, bacteria,
viruses, protozoa, rickettsia, helminths, fungi, , disturbed metabolic
processes as in ruminants, venous congestion as in portal
hypertension and congestive cardiac failure, toxins of Clostridia,
coliforms and spoiled or mouldy feeds and avitaminosis.
Gross pathology
 In enteritis, the whole length
of the bowel may not be affected,
inflammation localizing only at
one part or the other.
TYPES OF ENTERITIS

Based on the nature of the exudate and the changes


produced in the intestinal tract, enteritis is classified
as follows.
 Catarrhal Enteritis
 Hemorrhagic Enteritis
 Fibrinous Enteritis
 Suppurative Enteritis
 Necrotic Enteritis
CATARRHAL ENTERITIS

Acute Catarrhal Enteritis


 This is the mildest of inflammation of the intestinal tract, occurring
in a diffuse manner throughout the bowel.

Predisposing causes
 In calves and lambs avitaminosis A is a predisposing factor while in
young pigs deficiency of animal proteins and trace elements
predispose them to infections.
 In such a state, the organisms are able to gain a foothold and thrive
causing the disease.
Aetiology
 Causes include mild irritants like foreign bodies, sand, coarse feeds,
chemicals, bites of parasites (hook worms), Vibrio coli (causing winter
diarrhoea in cattle) and drugs.
 Acute catarrhal enteritis may be noticed in
• Enteritis in sucklings – scours in calves, lambs, foals and piglets caused by
E.coli, Pasteurella, Salmonella, Proteus, Vibrio and Streptococci.
• Enterotoxemia in sheep.
• Viral Diarrhoea -Mucosal Disease in cattle.
• Virus gastroenteritis in pigs.
• Salmon poisoning in dogs.
• Salmonellosis, infectious cloacitis, pullet disease and ornithosis in fowls.
• Oral antibiotic therapy may cause enteritis in two ways
 These may themselves be irritants or
 They may so alter the intestinal flora that there is over growth of other
bacteria (Staphyloccocci, Proteus sp; Pseudomanas sp) and fungi (Candida
albicans) which are normally kept under restraint and so enteritis results.
Immature amphistomes
One should be able to distinguish this condition from the normal hyperemia
that occurs during active digestion.
 The intestinal contents are watery
 the mucosa is reddish in color and slightly thickened, covered with a
mucinous exudate.
The peyer’s patches are prominent being hyperplastic, outlined by a zone of
hyperemia.
HISTOPATHOLOGY

The intestinal contents consist


of mucus, fibrin and exfoliated
epithelial cells.
Goblet cells are numerous and
produce large amounts of mucin.
 The tips of villi may be
hyperaemic and edematous.
There is infiltration with
leucocytes in the lamina propria
and to a little extent in the
submucosa.
Sequelae
 When cause is removed inflammation may subside and the bowel
returns to normal.
 But if irritant persists, the condition may develop into the chronic
state.
CHRONIC CATARRHAL ENTERITIS

Aetiology
 It may develop from the acute condition or more usually it may
arise gradually as in Johne’s disease, intestinal helminthiasis, chronic
venous congestion (due to congestive cardiac failure) and cirrhosis of
liver.
Gross pathology
 The wall of the intestines is
greatly thickened.
 The mucosa is smooth
(covered by thick mucus)
 The corrugations are
sometimes present at right
angles to the length of the
intestines (Chronic polypoid
enteritis).
HISTOPHALOGY

 The mucosa is thickened


 The mucosa is covered with
thick mucus.
 The characteristic appearance
is the presence of numerous
macrophages, plasma cells,
lymphocytes and connective
tissue cells in the lamina propria
and even in the sub-mucosa.
HISTO CON…

The intestinal glands are


atrophied due to the pressure of
the infiltrating cells.
Sometimes retention cysts due
to closure of the mouths of
glands are found (chronic cystic
enteritis).
HEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS

This is a more severe form of enteritis, characterized by the presence


of erythrocytes in the exudate.
Aetiology
 This is mostly seen in septicemic bacterial and viral diseases e.g
Anthrax and Rinderpest.
 Poisoning by arsenic and croton oil
 Colibacillosis
 Enterotoxemia
 Coccidiosis

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