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What is Frequency Analysis?

• Process of obtaining the Spectrum of a given

signal using basic Mathematical Tools

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 Why Frequency Analysis?

input LTI
output
System

Input may consist of Output depends on

various frequencies frequency of input

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 Tools for Frequency Analysis

Continuous Time Discrete Time

Domain Domain

 Laplace Transform  Z-Transform

 Discrete Fourier
 Fourier Transform
Transform

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What is the z-Transform?
z-Transform is the counter-part of
Laplace transform for Continuous Time
Signals.
This is an Effective Tool for the Analysis of
LTI System

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Definition:
z-Transform
x(n) X(z)


X(z) =n
= -
x(n) . z -n

Region of Convergence (ROC)

Expanding the above equation,
X(z) = x(-) . z + … + x(-1) . z1 + x(0) . z0 + x(1) . z-1
+ x(2) . z-2 + x(3) . z-3 + … + x() . z-

The ROC is the area bounded by those values of z,

for which X(z) is FINITE
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As an example, consider the sequence
x(n) = u(n) ≡ { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, …}
The z-Transform of the above is:
X(z) = z0 +z-1 + z-2 + z-3 + z-4 + … + z-
= 1 +(1/z) + (1/z2) + (1/z3) + (1/z4) + …
For Im[Z]

z < 1, X(z)  z>1

And,
z<1
z > 1, X(z) 1 1
Re[Z]
0
Hence ROC is the
entire region outside
the circle z = 1 ROC 8
Why use z-Transform?
Ask sir

Link for programs of z-trans. Of standard signals.

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Properties of the z-Transform
1. Linearity

2. Time Shifting

3. Scaling in z-Domain

4. Time Reversal

5. Differentiation in z-Domain

6. Convolution in Time Domain

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 Z
x1(n) X1(z)
…Eq.1
Z
x2(n) X2(z)

Statement:
Z
a1 x1(n) + a2 x2(n)
. .
a1 . X1(z) + a2 . X2(z)

Region Of Convergence :

Intersection of the individual ROCs of

x1(n) and x2(n) 12
 Z
x1(n) a1
Transform

a1.X1(z) + a2.X2(z)

a2 Z
x2(n) Transform

Equal
x1(n) a1

Z
Transform Z [ a1.x1(n) + a2.x2(n) ]

x2(n) a2
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 ROC of X1(z) ROC of X2(z)

ROC of Linear Combination of X1(z) and X2(z)

Region of Convergence
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Statement:
If
x(n) Z
X(z)
Then,
x(n-k) Z
X(z) . z-k
Region Of Convergence :
• Delayed Sequence : ROC of X(z) EXCEPT z=0
• Advanced Sequence : ROC of X(z) EXCEPT z=
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As an example, consider Delaying the Sequence x(n)
the sequence by one sample,

x(n) = { …, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, …} x(n-1) = { …, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, …}

Calculating the z-Transform, Calculating the z-Transform,

X(z) = 1 . z0 +2 . z-1 + 3 . z-2 X’(z) = 0 . z0 +1 . z-1

+ 2 . z-2 + 3 .z-3
= z-1.[1 . z0 + 2 . z-1 + 3 .z-2]

Equal = z-1. X(z)

Hence, the Time Shifting Property is Proved

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Statement:
If
x(n) Z
X(z)
Region Of Convergence :
Region Between Two Circles of radii r1 and r2 (say)

Then,
a x(n)
n. Z
X(z/a)
Region Of Convergence :
Region Between Two Circles of radii a.r1 and a.r2
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 

Z[an.x(n)] =  an . x(n) .z-n

n = -

.(a-1.z)-n

Recalling the definition


of z-transform,

X(z) =  x(n) . z-n

n = -

Z[an.x(n)] = X(z/a) 20
ROC of X (z) ROC of X (z/a)

Radius r1
Radius r2 Radius a.r1
Radius a.r2

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Statement:
If
x(n) Z
X(z)
Region Of Convergence :
Region Between Two Circles of radii r1 and r2 (say)

Then,
x(-n) Z
X(z-1)
Region Of Convergence :
Region Between Two Circles of radii (1/r2) and (1/r1)
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 

Z[x(-n)] = n
= -
x(-n) . z-n

Let –n = m


Z[x(-n)] = n
= -
x(-n) z(z )
x(m) . m-1 -m
-n

Recalling the definition of z-transform,



Z[x(m)] =  x(m) . z-m

m = -

Z[x(-n)] = X(z-1) 24
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Statement:
If
x(n) Z
X(z)
Then,
n x(n)
. Z d
-z . X(z)
dz
Region Of Convergence :
ROC is the same as that of X(z)

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 

X(z) =  x(n) . z-n

n = -

X(z) = 
d d [x(n) . z -n
]
dz n = -
dz


X(z) = 
d [x(n) z -n
]
dz n = -

X(z) = 
d [x(n) .(-n) . z -n-1
]
dz n = - 27
From the previous slide,


X(z) = 
d [x(n) .(-n) . z -n-1
]
dz n = -

X(z) = n
d - [x(n) .n . z -n
. z -1
]
dz = -


d
X(z) = - z n
-1 [x(n) .n ]. z -n
dz = -

d
- zdz X(z) = Z[x(n) .n] 28
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Statement:
If
x1(n) Z
X1(z)
x2(n) Z
X2(z)
Then,
Z
x1(n) * x2(n) .
X1(z) X2(z)
Region Of Convergence :
Intersection of the individual ROCs of
x1(n) and x2(n) 30
From the convolution sum,

x1(n) * x2(n) =  x1(k).x2(n–k)
k = -

From the definition of z-Transform,



Z[x1(n) * x2(n)] = n x
= - 1
(n) * x2 (n) . z-n

 

= 
n = -

k = - x1(k) . x2(n–k) .z-n

= x1(k) x2(n–k)
.z -n
…Eq.1
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From the Time Shifting Property,



n = -
x2(n–k)
. z-n = X2(z) . z-k

 From Equation 1,


Z[x1(n) * x2(n)] =  x (k) . X (z) . z

k = - 1 2
-k

=  x (k) . z
k = - 1
-k
. X2(z)

= X (z) . X (z)
1 2

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 ROC of X1(z) ROC of X2(z)

ROC of Convolution of X1(z) and X2(z)

Region of Convergence
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