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Botany Lesson 4

Here are drawings of the anatomy of monocot and dicot stems and roots: [DRAWINGS OF MONOCOT AND DICOT STEM AND ROOT ANATOMY] The drawings show the key differences in anatomy between monocot and dicot plant structures: - Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles without any arrangement, while dicot stems have vascular bundles in a ring. - Monocot roots lack secondary growth and have a central pith, while dicot roots undergo secondary growth and have xylem and phloem arranged in quadrants.

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36 views

Botany Lesson 4

Here are drawings of the anatomy of monocot and dicot stems and roots: [DRAWINGS OF MONOCOT AND DICOT STEM AND ROOT ANATOMY] The drawings show the key differences in anatomy between monocot and dicot plant structures: - Monocot stems have scattered vascular bundles without any arrangement, while dicot stems have vascular bundles in a ring. - Monocot roots lack secondary growth and have a central pith, while dicot roots undergo secondary growth and have xylem and phloem arranged in quadrants.

Uploaded by

hillary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Plant anatomy

• Plant anatomy is the study of the tissue and


cell structure of plant organs.
• The term anatomy, as applied to plants,
generally deals with structures that are
observed under a high-powered light
microscope or electron microscope.
PLANT CELL

• Cell is a basic functional structural unit .


• Cell theory states that cells arise from pre existing
cells

• Cell ……Tissue………organ………system……organism
• When all the systems in an organism coordinate
they make the survival of the organism
• Tissue is simply the group of cells that do the
function (of the same job)
Plant cell
• Cells are the most basic and vital unit of all
living/biological organisms.
• plant cell refers to any cell of a plant. It is the
structural and functional unit of plants.
• Cell morphology entails the structural
framework of this basic unit of life.
• It encompasses the various shapes and sizes in
which cells make up a living being.
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
• A plant cell, similar to an animal cell, is eukaryotic.
• Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of organelles,
particularly the nucleus, as opposed to prokaryotic cells that lack
them.
• Although plant cells and animal cells are similar in this regard they
have recognizable structural differences.
• A plant cell has a rigid cell wall that is absent in an animal cell.
• There is also a central vacuole that occupies much space in a plant
cell.
• In an animal cell, the vacuoles are numerous but small.
• Plant cells have many chloroplasts whereas animal cells lack them.
• Chloroplasts are key organelles in photosynthesis. Thus, plants are
capable of making their own food directly from inorganic sources
whereas animals rely on available food from organic sources.
PLANT TISSUE

• A tissue is defined a group of cells having a


common origin and usually performing a common
function.
• A plant is made up of different kinds of tissues.
• Tissues are classified into two main groups, namely,
meristematic and permanent tissues.
1. Meristematic tissue

• Consists of dividing cells mostly found on the


apex/tip of the roots and stems of the plant
• Initial cells do not change position and do not
mature. When it divides into two daughter cells one
matures and adds to permanent tissue, where as
the other remains as initial cell and divides further.
• The process is continuous until the part becomes
larger in the size and length.
• Two types of meristem
• Apical
• Lateral
1. Apical
• Responsible for increase in length and it is found in
the growing regions of the shoots and roots
2. Lateral
• Lies between the bark and the wood
• it brings about increase in thickness or secondary
growth
Characteristics of meristem

• i. Cells are relatively small in relation to other


cells
• ii. Cells have thin primary walls
• iii. Cells have large nuclei
• iv. They have fairly small vacuoles if any
• v. No intercellular air space
• vi. Actively divided
2. Permanent Tissues

• The cells of the permanent tissues do not generally


divide further.
• Permanent tissues having all cells similar in
structure and function are called simple tissues.
• Permanent tissues having many different types of
cells are called complex tissues.
Simple Permanent tissues

• These are also known as homogenous tissues.


• They are made up of a single cell type, usually with
the same origin, structure, and function.
1. Parenchyma
• The cells are oval or circular in form
• Hemicellulose or cellulose make up the cell wall
• The cell has a very thin wall
• Vacuoles and a tiny nucleus are present in the cells
• It can be found throughout the plant
• Protoplasm is thick and alive
Functions of
parenchyma tissue
• Give shape and rigidity
• Store food and water
• Photosynthesis
Simple permanent tissues
2. Collenchyma
• Long and thick-walled cells
• Cellulose and pectin make up the
cell wall
• appear polygonal in cross section.
• It’s present in the dicot leaf’s
epidermis and vascular bundle
• In the cells, the amount of
chloroplast is lower
• There are no intercellular gaps
between the cells
Functions
• Mechanical support
• Strengthening the plant (stems
and leaves)
Simple Permanent tissues

3. Sclerenchyma
• These are dead tissues,
very hard and rigid in
texture.
• Cells are thick-walled
with various size and
shapes.
• These provide
mechanical support and
rigidity to the plant.
• Sclerenchyma is divided into :
a)Fibre:
• Are elongated with tapered ends
• They are tough and strong but flexible
• Found in stems, petioles and leaves of some plants
i.e. sisal
b)Sclereids
• Are irregularly shaped (stone cells) similar to fibre
in strength but suffer in shape.
• They are common in shells, nuts, hard part of seeds
and some fresh parts of some fruits like pearls
giving a grit texture.
Complex permanent tissue

The complex permanent tissue consists of the following


tissues namely;
• Xylem
• Phloem
1. Xylem
• It transports water and nutrients from the roots to the
leaves of the plant.
• It provides support to the plants.
• It is divided into-tracheids, vessels, xylem fiber, and
xylem parenchyma.
a) Tracheids:
• Long cells tapering at both end.
• Perform the function of water transport and providing
support.
b) Vessels:
• Row of cells placed end to end that perform the
function of water transport.
c) Xylem parenchyma
• Helps in food storage
d) Xylem Fibre
• Provide support to the tissue as well as the plants.
Complex permanent tissue
2. Phloem
• It translocates the prepared organic food from the
leaves to different parts of the plant.
• It is composed of sieve tubes, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres.
• (a) Sieve tubes: Cells with perforations which
transport sugar throughout the plant cells.
• (b) Phloem Parenchyma: Helps with storage and
transport of food in the horizontal direction to
neighbouring cells.
• Phloem fibre: Offer support and mechanical strength
to the plant
ASSIGNMENT

• Draw the anatomy of the following:


a) Monocot and dicot stem
b) Monocot and dicot roots

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