CREATING AN ARC

( SCRATC HING METHODS A ND TA PPIN G M ETHODS)

Grade steel
 most widely used metal in structural welding.
 offers much better durability and is more
sustainable under stress than most other metals.
 benefit is that it is quite lightweight compared
to other metals like aluminum and iron.
 steel is also quite economical.
primary materials use in building construction, car
fabrication, ship fabrication and other constructions.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF METAL
STRUCTURES
Channel Iron
 channel iron or bar channel, is a rolled steel iron bar
featuring a “C” or “U” shape.
 steel channel are one of the most popular parts in
construction and manufacturing.
Uses:
racks & sliders for machines, doorways, etc..
Posts and supports for building corners, walls & railings.
Protective edges for walls.
Decorative elements for constructions like ceiling channel
system.
Frames or framing material for construction, machines
Angle Iron
 known as “L-bar”, “L-bracket” or “angle iron, is a
metal in the form of a right angle.
 a steel material which is an angle shape with inside
radius corners that is ideal for all structural
applications.
I-Beam
 known as H-beam, w-beam,
universal beam, rolled steel joist, or
double-T
 beam with an I or H-shaped cross-
section
 horizontal elements of the I are
flanges, and the vertical element is
the "web".
 usually made of structural steel
and are used in construction and
Square Tubing
 formed from coils and then ran through a series of dies. They
are welded from the inside to form their shape
 are generally used for maintenance and structural purposes.
 commonly available in Aluminum, Stainless Steel, Hot
Rolled Steel and Cold Rolled Steel
Rectangular Tube
 square HSS are also commonly called tube steel or box section.
Circular HSS are sometimes mistakenly called steel pipe,
although true steel pipe is actually dimensioned and classed
differently from HSS.
Rectangular section's smallest dimension is equal to (or greater
than) the square section's side and their thicknesses are equal
Re-bar
 massed as reinforcing steel or reinforcement steel, is a steel bar
or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced
concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid
the concrete under tension.
Round Bar
a long, cylindrical metal bar stock that has many
industrial
and commercial applications
available in many metal types including Hot-
Rolled Steel,
Cold-Rolled Steel, Aluminum, Stainless Steel.

Hex bar
are precisely shaped for items or machines that require
accurate pieces.
measured by the distance across the flats
Flat Bar
 basic of building support materials.
 generally used for support braces, ladder hangers, gate
latches,
duct work, overhead doors, heaters and bracing.

Square Bar
widely used in many industries for general assembly or
manufacturing.
used for general repairs of plant equipment and railings,
common applications include ornamental iron work, gates
and protective barriers on windows.
TUBE/PIPE
Tubes can come in different shapes
such as square, rectangular and
cylindrical, whereas piping is always
round.
 The circular shape of
the pipe makes the pressure force
evenly distributed.
 Pipes accommodate larger
applications with sizes that range
from a ½ inch to several feet.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PIPE AND TUBE

 Tube is a circular structural member, and the confusion starts

from here. In oil and gas industries, tubes are not just used as a
structural part but also used in the heat exchanger and fired heater
for a process application.

 PIPE is a round tubular to distribute fluids and gases,

designated by a nominal pipe size (NPS or DN) that represents a
rough indication of the pipe conveyance capacity; a TUBE is a
round, rectangular, squared or oval hollow section measured by
outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness (WT).
1. The difference in the
way size mentioned.

2. The difference in the

way thickness mentioned.
PREPARE WELDING
CONSUMABLES
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Identify
Maintain and Select
welding Prepare correct
keep
electrodes specified materials in
electrodes in
according to consumable
classification
electrode
gases based
accordance
oven based with job
and on job
on prescribed requiremen
specifications requirements
temperature.
. ts
 INTRODUCTION
Welding consumables Special attention is
must be maintained required for handling
and controlled for different electrode
quality welds. types and gases.

Proper preparation Correct electrode

of consumables is selection in line with
specifications and
necessary for post- procedure requirements
BAKING / DRYING OVEN

There must be a
Welding production and
standard plan for
fabricators must follow
welding code provisions. electrode control and
maintenance.

Electrodes are removed

Electrodes are affected by from their sealed plastic
atmospheric conditions and
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HOLDING
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PORTABLE OVEN
Welders usually work in the shop but may work on worksites.

Welders should have a portable oven called a welder's oven for worksite welding.

The welder's oven should be plugged in and maintain a temperature of 70oC plus/minus 10oC.

Unused electrodes should be returned to the storing oven at the end of the day's work.
 TYPES OF ELECTRODES,
DIAMETER SIZE, CURRENT
(AMP) AND POWER
SOURCES
MILD STEEL ELECTRODES
Diameter
Electrodes Current Power Source
Size
E-6010 3.25 mm. 90 A – 120 DC +
A

E-6013 3.25 mm. 90 A – 120 AC, DC +

A

E-6011 3.0 mm. 80 A – 110 AC, DC +

A

E-6012 3.0 mm. 80 A – 110 AC, DC -

A
LOW HYDROGEN
ELECTRODES
DIAMETER POWER
ELECTRODES CURRENT
SIZE SOURCE

E-7015 3.25 mm. 90 A – 110 A DC +

AC, DC
E-7016 3.25 mm. 110 A – 130 A
+

AC, Dc
E-7018 3.25 mm. 110 A – 130 A
+
 STAINLESS STEEL
ELECTRODES
Diameter Power
Electrodes Current
Size Source
E-308 -16 3.25 mm. 90 A – 110 A AC, DC +

E-316-15 3.0 mm. 80 A – 90 A DC+

E-316-15 3.25 mm. 90 A – 110 A DC +

E-310-16 3.0 mm. 80 A - 90 A AC, DC +

 LOW ALLOY STEEL
ELECTRODE
Diameter Power
Electrodes Current
Size Source
E- 8018 3.25 mm. 110 A -130 A AC, DC +

E-9016 4.0 mm. 140 A – 180 A AC, DC +

E-9015 3.25 mm. 110 A – 130 A DC +

E-8016 3.0 mm. 90 A – 110 A AC, DC +

Discussed by: DIANNE S. BAJANA
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
:
• Identify the power requirements
and capacity of welding machine
and its accessories.
• Perform correctly the power
required and capacity of welding
and the different accessories.
• Value the power required and
capacity of welding machine in
the shop.
 SMAW OUTFIT
The welding outfit includes equipment
required to actually creates a weld.

A complete SMAW outfit includes the

following:
1. Welding machine/power source [dc,
ac, or ac/dc]
2. Electrode and workpiece leads.
3. Electrode holder
COMPLETE SMAW STATION,
INCLUDE THE SMAW OUTFIT
PLUS:
• Ventilation.
• Welding table.
• Welding booth with an opaque [solid] or
filtered transparent plastic screen.
• Covered electrodes.
• Chipping hammer and wired brush
TASK SHEET: Enumerate the names of the different types of structural materials.

1._________ 2.____________ 3.____________

4.__________ 5._______________ 6.______________

7._________ 8._____________ 9.____________

10_________ 11.____________