GOOD MORNING!

REVIEW
REVIEW
State or give some
important words or
topics that we
discussed last time.
Let’s try this
Direction:

Read each statement below

carefully. Place T on the line, if
you think a statement is TRUE.
Place F, if you think the
statement is FALSE.
1. Your knees should be
bent at a comfortable angle
and greater than 90
degrees flexion when
sitting in front of a
computer.
2. A well-designed
mouse should not
cause undue pressure
on the waist and
forehead muscles.
3. Set the eye to
screen at a distance
that permits you to
most easily focus on
the screen.
4. Changing posture at
frequent intervals
maximizes fatigue
when using a
computer.
5. Place the keyboard in
a position that allows
the forearms to be close
to the horizontal and
the wrists to be straight.
6. It is recommended that
operators avoid spending more
than five hours a day on
keyboard duties and no longer
than 50 minutes per hour
without a postural/stretching
break.
7. To detect whether there
are reflections from the desk
surface, the worker should
hold the book below the
surface and assess the change
in reflected glare from the
8. 10,000 - 12,000
keystrokes per hour is
considered an
acceptable standard in
typing.
9. Good posture
is essential for
all users of
computers.
10. The solution is to
increase the refresh
rate of the monitor
to at least 75hz.
COMPUTER WORKSTATION ERGONOMICS

•There are various health problems

associated with the regular use of
computers, such as stress,
eyestrain, and injuries to the
wrists, neck, and back.
COMPUTER ERGONOMICS

•discipline of matching the task to

the worker using the most
appropriate equipment to optimize
human well-being and overall
performance.
 •This can be simplified to ―Modify
the workplace, not the individual".
Consideration should be given to:
 The accessories required to operate
properly
 The layout of equipment on the desk
 The location of furniture in the room
 Work Surface Height
•Adjust the height of the work surface
and/or the height of the chair so
that the work surface allows your
elbows to be bent at 90 degrees,
forearms parallel with the floor,
wrist straight, shoulders relaxed.
 Chair
•Adjust the seat tilt so that you are
comfortable when you are working on
the keyboard. Usually, this will be
close to horizontal but some people
prefer the seat tilted slightly
forwards.
 Chair
•Your knees should be bent at a
comfortable angle and greater
than 90 degrees’ flexion. If this places
an uncomfortable strain on the leg
muscles or if the feet do not reach the
floor, then a footrest should be used.
 Chair
•The footrest height must allow your
knees to be bent at 90 degrees.
Therefore, the height of the footrest
may need to be adjustable. Adjust the
backrest so that it supports the lower
back when you are sitting upright.
Keyboard Placement
•Place the keyboard in a position
that allows the forearms to be
close to the horizontal and the
wrists to be straight. That is, with
the hand in line with the forearm.
Keyboard Placement
•If this causes the elbows to
be held far out from the
side of the body, then re-
check the work surface
height.
Keyboard Placement
•Some people prefer to have their
wrists supported on a wrist desk
or the desk. Be careful not to
have the wrist extended or bent
in an up position.
Screen Placement
•Set the eye to screen at the
distance that permits you to
most easily focus on the
screen. Usually, this will be
within an arm's length.
Screen Placement
•Set the height of the monitor so
that the top of the screen is
below eye level and the bottom
of the screen can be read without
a marked inclination of the head.
Screen Placement
•Usually, this means that the
center of the screen will need
to be near shoulder height.
Eyes must be level with the
tool bar.
Screen Placement
•People who wear bifocal or multi-
focal lenses will need to get a
balance between where they see
out of their lenses and avoid too
much neck flexion.
Desk-Top Layout
•Place all controls and task
materials within a comfortable
reach of both hands so that
there is no unnecessary twisting
of any part of the body.
Desk-Top Layout
•Most people prefer the document
holder to be between the
keyboard and the monitor. There
are many different types of
document holders available.
Document Holder
•Place this close to the
monitor screen in the
position that causes the
least twisting or inclination
of the head.
 Posture and environment
•Change posture at frequent
intervals to minimize fatigue.
Avoid awkward postures at the
extremes of the joint range,
especially the wrists.
 Posture and environment
•Take frequent short rest
breaks rather than
infrequent longer ones.
Avoid sharp increases in
work rate.
 Posture and environment
•Changes should be gradual
enough to ensure that the
workload does not result in
excessive fatigue.
 Posture and environment
•After prolonged absences from
work the overall duration of
periods of keyboard work
should be increased gradually if
conditions permit
Posture and environment
Lighting
•Place the monitor to the side
of the light source/s, not
directly underneath. Try to
site desks between rows of
lights.
 Lighting
•If the lighting is fluorescent
strip lighting, the sides of the
desks should be parallel with
the lights. Try not to put the
screen near a window.
 Lighting
•If it is unavoidable, ensure that
neither the screen nor the
operator faces the window. The
solution is to increase the refresh
rate of the monitor to at least
75hz
 Lighting
•If the monitor is well away from
windows, there are no other
sources of bright light and
prolonged deskwork is the norm,
use a low level of service light of
300 lux.
 Lighting
•If there are strongly
contrasting light levels, then a
moderate level of lighting of
400 - 500 lux may be
desirable.
 Glare and Reflection
•It is important to
detect the presence of
glare and reflection.
 Glare and Reflection
•worker should hold an object such
as a book above the eyes at
eyebrow level and establish
whether the screen image
becomes clearer in the absence of
overhead glare.
 Glare and Reflection
•To detect whether there are
reflections from the desk surface,
the worker should hold the book
above the surface and assess the
change in reflected glare from
the screen.
 Using a Mouse
•A well-designed mouse should not
cause undue pressure on the wrist
and forearm muscles. A large
bulky mouse may keep the wrist
continuously bent at an
uncomfortable angle.
 Using a Mouse
•Pressure can be reduced by releasing
the mouse at frequent intervals, by
selecting a slim-line, low-profile
mouse. Keep the mouse as close as
possible to the keyboard, elbow bent
and close to the body.
 Posture during Keying
•Good posture is essential for all users of
computers. It comprises of a natural and
relaxed position, providing opportunity for
movement, and from which the operator
can assume a number of alternative
positions. It is not a single, rigidly
defined position.
Posture during Keying
 Typing Technique
•Typing is a physical activity, and using a
keyboard requires skill, hence the need to
learn correct typing technique. Unskilled
('hunt and peck') typists are particularly at
risk of Occupational Overuse Injury
because they
 Typing Technique
•often use only one or two fingers which
may overload the finger tendons; are
constantly looking from keyboard to
screen to keyboard, which may strain neck
muscles; often adopt a tense posture
(wrists bent back and fingers 'poised to
strike').
 Speed of Keying
• The efficiency and speed of modern
computers makes it possible for a skilled
operator to type extremely quickly. This
capability reinforced by workload pressures
means the potential exists for operators to
key at speeds which may cause or contribute
to Occupational Overuse Syndrome.
 Speed of Keying
• The role of the repetitive movement in
injury is not fully understood but is
believed to interfere with the lubrication
capacity of tendons, and the ability of
muscles to receive sufficient oxygen
supplies. 10,000 - 12,000 keystrokes per
hour is considered an acceptable standard.
 Length of time on the keyboard
•The maintenance of a fixed posture for
long periods is tiring and increases the
likelihood of muscular aches and pains. In
addition, long periods of repetitive
movement and sustained visual attention
can also give rise to fatigue-related
complaints.
 Length of time on the keyboard
•It is recommended that operators
avoid spending more than five
hours a day on keyboard duties
and no longer than 50 minutes per
hour without a
postural/stretching break.
 Computers –Ergonomic Guidelines
 Viewing distance: The monitor
should be 2 –2½ feet from the
child’s eyes.
 Time at computer: Encourage
children to use their physical
energy.
 Computers –Ergonomic Guidelines
Seat and height posture: The
child should sit high enough to
have his arms bent at 90°
 Footrest: Use it prevent
dangling feet.
 Computers –Ergonomic Guidelines
•Mouse: Find one that fits small
hands.
• Keyboard: Child-sized keyboards
with light pressure keying are
recommended.
Why is it important to follow
ergonomics while working?
Direction:

Read each statement below

carefully. Place T on the line, if
you think a statement is TRUE.
Place F, if you think the
statement is FALSE.
1. Your knees should be
bent at a comfortable angle
and greater than 90
degrees flexion when
sitting in front of a
computer.
2. A well-designed
mouse should not
cause undue pressure
on the waist and
forehead muscles.
3. Set the eye to
screen at a distance
that permits you to
most easily focus on
the screen.
4. Changing posture at
frequent intervals
maximizes fatigue
when using a
computer.
5. Place the keyboard in
a position that allows
the forearms to be close
to the horizontal and
the wrists to be straight.
6. It is recommended that
operators avoid spending more
than five hours a day on
keyboard duties and no longer
than 50 minutes per hour
without a postural/stretching
break.
7. To detect whether there
are reflections from the desk
surface, the worker should
hold the book below the
surface and assess the change
in reflected glare from the
8. 10,000 - 12,000
keystrokes per hour is
considered an
acceptable standard in
typing.
9. Good posture
is essential for
all users of
computers.
10. The solution is to
increase the refresh
rate of the monitor
to at least 75hz.
THANK YOU!