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Condenser

Here are the key steps to solve this example problem: 1. Given: Steam condensate rate = 0.015 kg/s, Tsat = 3 bar = 121 °C 2. Calculate mass velocity: G = 0.015/(π*(0.021)^2) = 0.5 kg/m2s 3. Calculate Reynolds number: Re = G*D/μ = 0.5*0.021/1.5E-5 = 700 < 3000 4. Use Nusselt equation for vertical downflow condensation inside tube: h = (0.725*(k_l/D)*(G/μ)^0.8)*(k_l/D) =

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23 views

Condenser

Here are the key steps to solve this example problem: 1. Given: Steam condensate rate = 0.015 kg/s, Tsat = 3 bar = 121 °C 2. Calculate mass velocity: G = 0.015/(π*(0.021)^2) = 0.5 kg/m2s 3. Calculate Reynolds number: Re = G*D/μ = 0.5*0.021/1.5E-5 = 700 < 3000 4. Use Nusselt equation for vertical downflow condensation inside tube: h = (0.725*(k_l/D)*(G/μ)^0.8)*(k_l/D) =

Uploaded by

Pia Jo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Condenser

Introduction

• The change from liquid phase to vapor phase is called


vaporization and the reverse phase transfer is condensation.
• The change from liquid to vapor or vapor to liquid occurs at
one temperature (called saturation or equilibrium
temperature) for a pure fluid compound at a given pressure.
• The industrial practice of vaporization and condensation
occurs at almost constant pressure; therefore the phase
change occurs isothermally.
• Condensation occurs by two different physical mechanisms
i.e. drop-wise condensation and film condensation.
Introduction (Contd…)

• The nature of the condensation depends upon whether the


condensate (liquid formed from vapor) wets or does not wet
the solid surface.
• If the condensate wets the surface and flows on the surface in
the form of a film, it is called film condensation.
• When the condensate does not wet the solid surface and the
condensate is accumulated in the form of droplets, is drop-
wise condensation.
Comparison between drop wise and film type
condensation
Film Condensation Dropwise condensation
The condensate forms a liquid film Drop wise condensation occurs
on the bare surface in case of film usually on new, clean and polished
condensation surfaces.

The heat transfer coefficient is Heat transfer coefficient is about 4


lower for film condensation due to to 8 times higher for drop wise
the resistance of this liquid film. condensation.
Film boiling condensation is the Drop wise condensation is
mechanism of Heat transfer used unpredictable and cannot sustain
in condensers. low heat transfer coefficients for
long period of timeas required in
the industry.
Types of Condensers

• There are two general types of condensers. They are:


i. Vertical Condenser
a) Downflow vertical condenser
b) Upflow vertical condenser
ii. Horizontal condenser.

a) Downflow vertical condenser: The vapor enters at the top of


condenser and flows down inside tubes. The condensate drains from
the tubes by gravity and vapor induced shear.

b) Upflow vertical condenser: In case of upflow condenser, the vapor


enters at the bottom and flows upwards inside the tubes. The
condensate drains down the tubes by gravity only.
Downflow vertical condenser with
condensation inside tube
Horizontal condenser with condensation outside
horizontal tubes
Mean temperature difference
• The condensation occurs almost at a fixed temperature
(isothermally) at constant pressure for a pure saturated vapor
compound.
• The logarithmic mean temperature difference can be used for
condenser design.
• No correction factor for multiple pass condensers is required.
• The logarithmic mean temperature difference:

• Where, T sat = Saturation vapor temperature


t1 = Coolant inlet temperature
t2 = Coolant outlet temperature
Physical properties

• The physical properties of the condensate for use in the


following equations, are evaluated at the average condensate
film temperature: the mean of the condensing temperature
and the tube-wall temperature.
• Design equations for condensations were first derived by
Nusselt.
• In his model Laminar flow is assumed in thin film and heat
transfer is assumed to take place entirely by conduction
through the film.
• Therefore these are valid at low vapor rates. (for less shear
force between liquid and vapor)
Horizontal tubes

(hc) = (hc)lNr-1/4

Nr = 2/3 (No. of tubes in the center)


This term is neglected when
calculated for one tube.
Horizontal tubes – Kern’s Equation
Vertical tubes

These equations are used for Reynolds number ⩽ 30.


For Re > 2000, Colburn result are used.
Example

• Estimate the heat-transfer coefficient for steam condensing


on the outside, and on the inside, of a 25 mm o.d., 21 mm i.d.
vertical tube 3.66 m long. The steam condensate rate is 0.015
kg/s per tube and condensation takes place at 3 bar. The
steam will flow down the tube.

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