QUARTER 2

VOCABULARY REVISION
Grade 10
By Ms. Alicia
 CLAIM
• The writer or speaker’s
position on a debatable
issue or problem.
 ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
• a genre of writing that
requires the student to
investigate a topic, collect,
generate, and evaluate
evidence, and establish a
position on the topic in a
concise manner.
 COUNTER CLAIM
• An idea that is contrary to
the author’s position, an
opposing claim
 THESIS
• The main idea that
an author will
attempt to “prove”
or support in an
argumentative essay.
 EVIDENCE
• Facts, statistics, numerical data,
expert opinions, reasons, quotes,
etc. that support a claim
 ETHOS
• Ethos (Greek for “character”)
• Focuses attention on the writer's or
speaker's trustworthiness.
• • Takes one of two forms: “appeal to
character” or “appeal to credibility.”
• • A writer may show “ethos” through
her tone, such as taking care to show
more. than one side of an issue before
arguing for her side.
 PATHOS
• Pathos, or the appeal to emotion,
means to persuade an audience by
purposely evoking certain
emotions to make them feel the
way the author wants them to feel.
Authors make deliberate word
choices, use meaningful language,
and use examples and stories that
evoke emotion.
 LOGOS
• Logos, or the appeal to logic,
means to appeal to the audiences'
sense of reason or logic.
• To use logos, the author makes
clear, logical connections between
ideas, and includes the use of facts
and statistics.
 REASON
• the action of thinking about
something in a logical, sensible way.
 REBUTTAL
• A statement, reason, argument, or proof that a
claim is not true.
 RHETORICAL ARGUMENT
• In rhetoric, an argument is a
course of reasoning aimed
at demonstrating truth or
falsehood.
 APPEAL
• In writing, an appeal is a persuasive
strategy that a writer uses to support
an argument. We use facts, data, and
examples to support our arguments, but
those are different from appeals, which
have to do with how we present facts and
examples in our persuasive writing.
 COUPLE
• 1.two people or things of the same
sort considered together.
• 2. to link or combine something
with something else.
 CONTRARY
• opposite in nature, direction, or
meaning.
 DEFINITE
• clearly true or real; unambiguous.
 DIFFERENTIATE
• identify differences between (two
or more things or people).
 DISCRIMINATE
•
recognize a distinction;
differentiate.
 IDENTICAL
• similar in every detail; exactly
alike.
 REVERSE
• move backwards.
 SOLE
• one and only.
 ULTIMATE
• 1. being or happening at the end of
a process; final.
• 2. basic or fundamental.
 EXPAND
• give a fuller version or account of.
 OPPORTUNITIES
• a time or set of circumstances that
makes it possible to do something.
 VALUE
•
principles or standards of
behavior; one's judgement of what
is important in life.
 BILINGUAL
• speaking two languages fluently.
 FLUENT
• able to speak or write a particular
foreign language easily and
accurately.
 LITERATE
• able to read and write.
 ILLITERATE
• unable to read and write.
 EMPIRICAL
based on, concerned with, or
verifiable by observation or
experience rather than
theory or pure logic
 SUBJECTIVE
• dependent on the mind or on an
individual's perception for its
existence.
 ACCENTED
• spoken with or characterized by a
particular accent.
 CLUTCH
• a tight grasp.
 SENORA
• a title or form of address used of
or to a Spanish-speaking woman,
corresponding to Mrs or madam.
 SHAWL
• a piece of fabric worn by women
over the shoulders or head or
wrapped round a baby.
 SIMILE
• a figure of speech involving the
comparison of one thing with
another thing of a different kind,
used to make a description
more emphatic or vivid
 PERSONIFICATION
• the attribution of a personal nature
or human characteristics to
something non-human, or the
representation of an abstract
quality in human form.
 HYPERBOLE
• exaggerated statements or claims
not meant to be taken literally.
 METAPHOR
• a figure of speech in which a word
or phrase is applied to an object or
action to which it is not literally
applicable.
 PRY
• to get, separate, or ferret out with
difficulty
 NATURE
• Nature is the view that behaviour
and human development is the
product of biological factors.
 NURTURE
• Nurture is the view that behavior
and human development is the
product of environmental factors
and upbringing.
 LIMITED POINT OF VIEW
• When the narrator is only aware of their own actions and thoughts.
 OMNISCIENT POINT OF VIEW
• As the name implies, an
omniscient narrator is all-seeing
and all-knowing. While the
narration outside of any one
character, the narrator may
occasionally access the
consciousness of a few or many
different characters
 NARRATOR
• a person who narrates something,
especially a character
who recounts the events of a novel
or narrative poem.
 POINT OF VIEW
• Point of view is the writer's way
of deciding who is telling the
story to whom.
 MULTIPLE POINTS OF VIEW
• This means telling your story
from the perspective of two or
more characters, weaving the
story together by alternating
between viewpoints
 ANTICIPATE
• regard as probable; expect or
predict.
 INCENTIVIZE
• motivate or encourage (someone)
to do something; provide with
an incentive.
 INCORPORATE
• take in or contain (something) as
part of a whole; include.
 INTRINSIC
• Intrinsic motivation refers to
actions that are driven by internal
rewards. The motivation to engage
in a behavior arises from within
because of the inherent satisfaction
of the activity rather than the
desire for a reward or specific
outcome.
 EXTRINSIC
• Extrinsic motivation is a
motivation that is driven by
external rewards. These can be
tangible, such as money or grades,
or intangible, such as praise or
fame. Unlike intrinsic motivation,
which arises from within the
individual, extrinsic motivation is
focused purely on outside rewards.
 JUDICIOUS
• having, showing, or done with
good judgement or sense.
 TANGIBLE
• a thing that is perceptible by
touch.
 MOTIVATION
• a reason or reasons for acting
or behaving in a particular way.
 CATEGORY
• a class or division of people or
things regarded as having
particular shared characteristics.
 CAUSE
• a principle, aim, or movement to
which one is committed and which
one is prepared to defend or
advocate.
 EFFECT
• a change which is a result or
consequence of an action or other
cause.
 SCORE
• A score refers to a span of 20
years.
 CONCEIVED
• form or devise (a plan or idea) in
the mind.
 HALLOW
• honor as holy.
 CONSECRATE
• make or declare (something,
typically a church)
sacred; dedicate formally to a
religious purpose.
 DEDICATE
• devote (time or effort) to a
particular task or purpose.
 VAIN
• producing no result; useless.
 ENDURE
• remain in existence; last.
 PROPOSITION
• a statement
or assertion that expresses a
judgement or opinion.
 PERISH
• suffer complete ruin or
destruction., die
 ORATOR
• a public
speaker, especially one
who is eloquent or skilled.
 DEBATABLE
• open to discussion or argument.
 EVIDENCE
• the available body of facts or
information indicating whether a
belief or proposition is true or
valid.
 DELINEATE
•
describe or portray (something)
precisely.
 REASONING
• the action of thinking about
something in a
logical, sensible way.
 MASSACRE
• an indiscriminate and brutal
slaughter of many people.
 GENOCIDE
• the deliberate killing of a large
number of people from a particular
nation or ethnic group with the
aim of destroying that nation or
group.

Names of 800,000 Rwandans Tutsis killed in

1994 genocide
 PLEA
• a request made in an urgent and
emotional manner.
 MARGINALIZED
• (of a person, group, or concept)
treated as insignificant or
peripheral.
 CONCENTRATE
• gather (people or things) together
in a common location.
 PREOCCUPIED
• engrossed in thought; distracted.
 REPRESSION
• the action of subduing someone or
something by force.
 VIOLATION
• an action that breaks or acts
against something, especially a
law, agreement, principle, or
something that should be treated
with respect:
 TRANSMISSION
• To move or give
 PLURALITY
• The state of having more than one
nature.
 BLAME
• feel or declare that (someone
or something) is responsible
for a fault or wrong.
 OPPOSITION
• resistance or dissent, expressed in
action or argument.
 FLOURISH
• grow or develop in a healthy
or vigorous way, especially as the
result of a particularly congenial
• environment.
 ATROCITIES
• an extremely wicked or cruel act,
typically one involving physical
violence or injury.
 MAJORITY
• The group of people who represent
the larger percentage
 MINORITY
• The group of people who represent
the lesser percentage.
 DISPLACEMENT
• the action of moving something
from its place or position.
 EXILE
• the state of being barred from
one's native country, typically for
political or punitive reasons.
 BLATANT
• completely lacking in subtlety;
very obvious.
 DISREGARD
• pay no attention to; ignore.
 MAGNITUDE
• the great size or extent of
something.
 PERSECUTION
• persistent annoyance or
harassment.
• hostility and ill-treatment,
especially on the basis of ethnicity,
religion, or sexual orientation or
political beliefs.
 COLLECTIVE VALUE
• Collective actions, situations, or
feelings involve or are shared by
every member of a group of
people.
 IMPLEMENT
• put (a decision, plan, agreement,
etc.) into effect.
 PEASANTS
• a poor smallholder or
agricultural labourer of low social
status (chiefly in historical use or
with reference
to subsistence farming
in poorer countries).
 REFUGEE
• a person who has been forced to
leave their country in order to
escape war, persecution, or natural
disaster.
 SOLIDARITY
• unity or agreement of feeling or
action, especially among
individuals with a common
interest; mutual support within a
group.
 REFUSE
• indicate or show that one is not
willing to do something.
 BEHAVIOR
• the way in which one acts
or conducts oneself, especially
towards others.
 REINFORCE
• strengthen (an existing feeling,
idea, or habit).
 DIMINISH
• make or become less.
 POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
• Positive punishment is when
you add a consequence to
unwanted behavior. You do
this to make it less appealing.
An example of positive
punishment is adding more
chores to the list when your
child neglects their
responsibilities.
 NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
• punishment that results because some stimulus or circumstance is
removed as a consequence of a response. For example, if a response
results in a subtraction of money from an accumulating account, and the
response becomes less likely as a result of this experience, then negative
punishment has occurred.
 POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
• Positive reinforcement refers
to the introduction of a desirable
or pleasant stimulus after a
behavior. The desirable stimulus
reinforces the behavior, making it
more likely that the behavior will
reoccur.
 NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
• With negative reinforcement,
something uncomfortable or
otherwise unpleasant is taken
away in response to a stimulus.
 OPERANT CONDITIONING
• Operant conditioning (also known as
instrumental conditioning) is a process by
which humans and animals learn to behave
in such a way as to obtain rewards and
avoid punishments.