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Avalanche

The document discusses avalanches, including their definition, zones, types, causes, triggers, identification of avalanche slopes, snowfall rates, drills, safety procedures for crossing avalanche prone areas, what to do if caught in an avalanche, rescue methods, and chances of survival. It provides detailed information on formation, rupture, path/middle, and run out zones of avalanches. It also explains dry snow, wet snow, slab, and combination avalanche types as well as their characteristics.

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abarjun
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34 views

Avalanche

The document discusses avalanches, including their definition, zones, types, causes, triggers, identification of avalanche slopes, snowfall rates, drills, safety procedures for crossing avalanche prone areas, what to do if caught in an avalanche, rescue methods, and chances of survival. It provides detailed information on formation, rupture, path/middle, and run out zones of avalanches. It also explains dry snow, wet snow, slab, and combination avalanche types as well as their characteristics.

Uploaded by

abarjun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AVALANCHE

DEFINITION

A Mass Of Unstable
Snow Which Moves
Down A Slope Due
To Any Reason And
Gets Snow, Stones,
Mud, Trees Etc
Along With It
ZONES OF AVALANCHE

AVALANCHE
FORMATION RUPTURE PATH/ RUN OUT
ZONE ZONE MIDDLE ZONE
ZONE
ZONES OF AVALANCHE

FORMATION RUPTURE ZONE AVALANCHE RUN OUT ZONE


ZONE • The Rupture PATH/ MIDDLE • The Zone Where
• It Is The Top Zone Is Almost ZONE The Snow And
• It Is A Path Or Debris Finally
Most Part Of A Volatile Area Of
Channel That An Come To A Stop.
Slope Where Slope, Where It Is Also Called
Snow Unstable Snow Avalanche
Follows As It Deposition Zone
Accumulates Can Fracture
Goes Downhill
From The
Surrounding
Snow Cover And
Begin To Slide
ZONES OF AVALANCHE
TYPES OF AVALANCHE

LOOSE SNOW AVALANCHE

SLAB AVALANCHE

COMBINATION AVALANCHE
LOOSE SNOW AVALANCHE

(i) DRY SNOW AVALANCHE


(ii) WET SNOW AVALANCHE
DRY SNOW AVALANCHE

STARTS FROM A POINT


AND SPREADS IN THE
SHAPE OF A CONE BY
SPREADING DOWN

VERY HIGH SPEED FLOW


THAT HAS BEEN BLOWN
UP TO A SPEED OF 120
KM/HR

AN AVALANCHE OF LIGHT
POWDERY SNOW THAT
DESCENDS TO FORM A
WIND BLAST AND A SNOW
CLOUD
WET SNOW AVALANCHE

OCCURS WHERE THERE


IS HEAVY SNOWFALL
FOR MANY HOURS
CONTAINS MORE ICE
PARTICLES

CONTAIN MORE
MOISTURE

SPEED IS NOT MUCH


LIKE DRY SNOW
AVALANCHE
SLAB AVALANCHE

SLAB AVALANCHES FORM FREQUENTLY IN SNOW THAT HAS


BEEN DEPOSITED OR REDEPOSITED BY WIND. THEY HAVE A
CHARACTERISTICS APPEARANCE OF A BLOCK OF SNOW CUT
OUT FROM ITS SURROUNDINGS BY FRACTURES
COMBINATION AVALANCHE

AS EVIDENT FROM THE NAME IT IS A COMBINATION OF ANY OF THE


TWO OR MORE TYPES OF AVALANCHES
CAUSES OF AVALANCHE

SNOWFALL

WEATHER

TEMPERATURE

WIND DIRECTION

SLOPE ANGLE
TRIGGER

OVERLOADING

SHEARING

TEMPERATURE

VIBRATION
TES TO
TRIGGER
OVERLOADING
• The Increase In Weight Can Be Due To The
Accumulation Of Snow Over Successive Layers Or
Due To Increase In Moisture Content

SHEARING
• Shearing Of Snow Layers On A Slope
Results In One Portion Moving Separately,
Creating An Avalanche. Shearing May Be
Due To Movement Of Men Diagonally
Across The Slope Or Skiing Or Because Of
Fall Of A Mass Of Packed Snow/Cornice
From Top Of The Slope
SNOW.
TRIGGER

TEMPERATURE

• It Also Plays Its Part By Its Effect On The


Cohesion Of Snow : A Rise In Temperature
Weakens The Bonds, While A Fall In Temperature
Retards Settlement Of The Snow Mass And
Increases The Tension Of A Slab

VIBRATION

• Avalanches Have Been Released By Thunder, By


Explosions And By Other Loud Or Sharp Sounds
- Vibration Through The Air
IDENTIFICATION OF
AVALANCHE SLOPE

Slope More Than 25°

There Should Be No Anchor Like Trees,


Boulders

The Old Avalanche Has Already Come In The


Run Out Zone

Cornice Above
IDENTIFICATION
RATE OF SNOWFALL
PER DAY
1Cm OR LESS - VERY LESS

12-24 Cm - LESS

24-48 Cm - MEDIUM

48-72 Cm - HEAVY

72-96 Cm - VERY HEAVY

96 Cm ABOVE - EXCESS
AVALANCHE DRILL

PERCEPTION
THAT NIGHT
IN THE VISION
NO MOVEMENT MOVEMENT IS
OF RESCUE,
UNTIL 48 HRS SAFE,
DAYTIME
AFTER HEAVY WHEREAS
MOVEMENT IS
SNOWFALL AVALANCHE
MORE SAFE
CAN TRIGGER
ANYTIME
BEFORE CROSSING
AVALANCHE PRONE AREA

SELECTION OF KNOW HOW TO WEAR LAYERED


LEADER MARCH CLOTHS

CARRY
AVALANCHE
COMMUNICATIO
CARRY FIRST AID ROD,
N WITH SPARE
KIT AVALANCHE
BATTERY
CORD, SNOW
SHOVEL
OSS THE SLOPE
DURING ONE
CROSSINGBY
AVALANCHE PRONE AREA
ONE
Do Not Move When There Is Danger Of Avalanche

Tie Avalanche Cord With The Body

Open AVD / DTS In Transmission Mode

Rucksack Should Be Held On One Shoulder

Detail Lookout Man

Use Spur Line While Climbing On An Avalanche Prone Area

Cross The Slope One By One


WHEN CAUGHT IN
AVALANCHE

DO NOT PANIC

RUN TOWARDS CORNER

REMOVE RUCKSACK AND EQUIPMENTS

USE SWIMMING POSITION

MAKE AIR POCKET

USE SPIT TEST METHOD TO KNOW THE


ORIENTATION
AVALANCHE RESCUE

METHODS • DTS / AVD SEARCH


OF • AVALANCHE ROD
SEARCHING
FOR VICTIM • RESCUE DOG
AVD SEARCH

ROUGH SEARCH FINE SEARCH


PROBING METHOD
BY AVALANCHE ROD

COARSE PROBING (70%)


FINE PROBING (100%)
RESCUE DOG
CHANCES OF SURVIVAL

30 Mins = 90% to 100%

30-60 Mins = 60%

1-2 Hours = 50%

6 hours = 30%
IMP POINTS
IF THE TEAM IS ROPED UP FOR THE
MOVE THEN THEY SHOULD UNROPE
BEFORE CROSSING THE
AVALANCHE PRONE SLOPE

TEAM SHOULD NOT MOVE


CHECK THAT AVD IS SET AT LATERALLY (IN A ZIG ZAG
‘TRANSMIT’ MODE PATTERN) ACROSS AN
AVALANCHE PRONE SLOPE

AVALANCHE CORD IS TIED


THERE SHOULD BE NO
TO THE BODY WITH
CORNICE ABOVE THE
ARROW FACING INWARDS
ROUTE SELECTED

COVER MOUTH WITH


BALACLAVA

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