Efficacy of Madre De Cacao (Gliricidia

sepium) Leaves Extract as Foliar Fertilizer

in Enhancing the Growth and Yield
Performane of Curly Green Lettuce
(Lactuca sativa)
PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY:
CUTHY A. SAYLO BSA 4A
JELYN B. DIVINAGRACIA BSA 4B
RENALYN A. PADUA BSA 4B
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION (Background of the Study)
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF DATA
(Research Design, Participants, Measures, Tools and Materials Used, Location of the Study, Soil Sampling
Analysis, Land Preparation, Seeding, Planting, Fertilization, Cultivation and Weeding, Water Supply and
Irrigation, Pest and Diseases Control, Harvesting, Collection of Data, Statistical Analysis, Presentation and
Analysis of Data)
CHAPTER IV
Results, Discussion, and Implications
CHAPTER V
Conclusion and Recommendation
 INTRODUCTION (Background of the Study)

The utilization of natural substances for enhancing crop growth and

yield has become a focal point in sustainable agriculture. Among the
various botanical resources explored for their potential as foliar fertilizers,
Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract stands out as a
promising candidate.

This study delves into the efficacy of Madre de Cacao leaves extract as
a foliar fertilizer, specifically focusing on its impact on the growth and
yield performance of curly green lettuce (Lactuca sativa).
 Based on Belize (2023), Madre de Cacao is nitrogen-fixing tree
that can grow from 10 to 12 meters high. The tree is referred by
many people as a quick-stick due to the characteristic of growing
almost right away just by cutting it and directly planting it in the
ground.

As a foliar fertilizer, Madre de Cacao extract offers a sustainable

and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fertilizers, aligning with the
principles of organic farming and environmental stewardship.
 According to World Agroforestry Centre, (2023) this species is
becoming an important part of farming practices in many countries such as
Africa because it fixes nitrogen in the soil boosting crop yields significantly
without the expense of chemical fertilizers.
 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a green leafy vegetable that comes with
different varieties and belongs to the family Asteraceae. Most of its
common varieties are being served and eaten fresh and commonly used as
the base of green salads. The choice of curly green lettuce as the target crop
is strategic, given its popularity in culinary applications and its sensitivity
to nutrient availability.

As stated by M. Petruzello (2023) Lettuce is one of the most sensitive

vegetables that human cultivate with critical care.
 The study aims to investigate how Madre de Cacao extract influences
the growth parameters and overall yield of curly green lettuce.
Understanding these effects can provide valuable insights into the practical
application of Madre de Cacao as a foliar fertilizer in vegetable production
systems.

Foliar fertilizer plays a significant role in agriculture industry. Foliar

fertilizer known to be the growth and yield enhancer to every crop,
eliminating common deficiencies that occurs during plant cycles, and also
help increase the resistance of the plant to its sensitivity.
 According to Le Van Dang et al. (2022), foliar application is a popular
technique to supply mineral nutrients to crops. It also enhances nutrient use
efficiencies, especially under limited soil fertility or restricted
environmental conditions.

Furthermore, result showed that the application of foliar fertilizers (P, K,

and Mg or P, K, Mg, and Zn) increased plant nutrition, resulting in
improved fruit quality and productivity of pomelo cultivated in the alluvial
soils.
 The experimental design involves the application of varying
concentrations of Madre de Cacao leaves extract as foliar spray to curly
green lettuce crops. Parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, and
yield after harvest are meticulously measured and analyzed over the crop's
growth stages.

The rationale behind using Madre de Cacao as a foliar fertilizer lies in

its ability to not only provide essential nutrients directly to plants but also
enhance soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. The symbiotic relationship
between Madre de Cacao and nitrogen-fixing bacteria contributes to a
sustainable nutrient cycle, promoting long-term soil health.
 The exploration of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves extract as
a foliar fertilizer represents a significant step towards optimizing
agricultural practices.

The researchers conducted this study by focusing on its efficacy in

enhancing the growth and yield of curly green lettuce, and aims to provide
practical insights for farmers seeking sustainable alternatives to traditional
synthetic fertilizers. As the agricultural industry continues to evolve
towards more ecologically conscious methods, Madre de Cacao stands as a
beacon of promise in the quest for resilient and sustainable food production
systems.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 Is there any significant effect on the different levels of Madre de

cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer in enhancing the growth
performance of curly green lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in terms of
number of leaves and plant height?

 Is there any significant effect on the different levels of Madre de

cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer in enhancing the yield
performance of curly green lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in terms of yield?

 Is the use of different levels of Madre de cacao leaves extract as foliar

fertilizer in enhancing the growth and yield performance of curly
green lettuce (Lactuca sativa) economically feasible?
 HYPOTHESIS

 There is no significant effect on the different levels of Madre de cacao leaves

extract as foliar fertilizer in enhancing the growth performance of curly green
lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in terms of number of leaves and plant height.

There is no significant effect on the different levels of Madre de cacao leaves

extract as foliar fertilizer in enhancing the yield performance of curly green
lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in terms of yield?

The use of different levels of Madre de cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer
in enhancing the growth and yield performance of curly green lettuce (Lactuca
sativa) is not economically feasible.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

FARMERS. Madre De Cacao leaves extract may contribute to cost savings for

farmers, promoting economic sustainability. The study's focus on curly green

lettuce, a popular and nutritious leafy vegetable, further underscores its relevance
for addressing food security and nutrition. By providing evidence-based insights
into the efficacy of this alternative fertilizer, the research contributes valuable
knowledge that empowers farmers to make informed decisions, potentially leading
to increased crop productivity. Ultimately, the study not only addresses practical
concerns within agriculture but also aligns with broader objectives of promoting
environmentally conscious and economically viable farming practices.
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR. This study may help Agricultural Sector that holds
paramount significance. It addresses the growing concern for sustainable and eco-friendly
agricultural practices. Understanding the efficacy of this natural foliar fertilizer can
enhance agricultural productivity while reducing reliance on synthetic inputs.

In the context of the year 2024, where global agricultural challenges persist, this
study holds relevance for farmers and policymakers seeking innovative solutions to
enhance crop yield without compromising ecological integrity. Ultimately, the research's
significance lies in its potential to reshape agricultural practices towards a more
sustainable and efficient future.
PEOPLE AND COMMUNITY. The study on the efficacy of Madre De Cacao leaves
extract as a foliar fertilizer for curly green lettuce holds significant implications for both
individuals and communities. By exploring the impact of this natural extract on the
growth and yield performance of lettuce, the research contributes valuable insights to
sustainable agriculture practices.

The potential benefits extend to people by fostering a healthier food supply, while the
community gains from the prospect of environmentally conscious agricultural methods.
This study not only addresses agricultural challenges but also aligns with the broader goal
of promoting sustainable and community-centric approaches to food production.
SCHOOLS. This research addresses the pressing need for sustainable and organic
agricultural practices, contributing to the field of plant nutrition. It is proven effective that
using Madre De Cacao extract could offer an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic
fertilizers, promoting environmental conservation.

Additionally, the study's findings may provide valuable insights for schools and
educational institutions, encouraging the adoption of innovative and cost-effective
agricultural methods. This research, therefore, has the potential to impact agricultural
practices within educational settings and contribute to the broader discourse on
sustainable farming.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS. As the global demand for sustainable agricultural practices
increases, understanding alternative and eco-friendly fertilizers becomes crucial. This
research contributes valuable insights into a natural extract's impact on the growth and yield
performance of a specific crop.

Future researchers can build upon these findings to further refine and expand the
application of Madre De Cacao leaves extract in agriculture. Additionally, this study adds to
the body of knowledge surrounding environmentally friendly farming methods, fostering
advancements that align with the principles of organic and sustainable agriculture.
 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study focused on enhancing the growth and yield performance of Curly Green
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) using the extract obtained from the leaves of Madre De Cacao
(Gliricidia sepium) leaves as its foliar fertilizer in a different level of application every
treatment.

The study conducted by the researchers in a specific period by the time that this study
needs to be reviewed, validated and identify its relevance. The possible delimitation of this
study was all about the enhancement of the growth and yield performance of Curly Green
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) relatively new and was conducted by the researchers.
 This research study was conducted at CMYC with an area of 52.25 square meters from
October to November limited only to the efficacy of Madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium)
leaves extract as foliar fertilizer in enhancing the growth and yield performance of curly
green lettuce (Lactuca sativa).

There were four treatment replicated four times using Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD). This was divided into four equal blocks measuring 9.5 meters long and 5.5
meters wide. Each block was further subdivided into four equal plots. Each plot measured
2.5 meters long and 1 meter wide and the pathway is .5 meter long.
 The data gathered in the entire study was limited only to the growth parameters of curly
green lettuce such as plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant in (14DAT) - (21DAT)-
(28DAT)- (35DAT), and yield after harvest (50DAP) as affected by the application of the
different levels of Madre De Cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer.

T1 – 40ml of Madre De Cacao leaves extract per liter of water

T2 – 30ml of Madre De Cacao leaves extract per liter of water

T3 – 20ml of Madre De Cacao leaves extract per liter of water

T4 – control (no application)

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

To facilitate understanding of the study, the conceptual and

operational treatments of the following were provided.
 CHAPTER II

Madre De Cacao as Foliar Fertilizer

Staff W. (2020) stated that Madre de Cacao plant contains lignin, esther extract and ash in addition to
crude protein, crude fiber and other minerals. Madre de Cacao is a small, semi-deciduous tree native to Mexico
and Central America. Madre de Cacao is also called gliricidia, mexican lilac, nicaraguan cocoa shade and
quick stick. The leaves are used as a natural insect repellent and insecticide, and are poisonous to rodents. The
foliage is also used as fodder for livestock and as a green fertilizer, making it a very useful plant. It is not
known to be harmful to human beings. Furthermore, Madre de Cacao contains the following minerals such as
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. It contains a high
fiber content, including acid detergent fiber, or ADF at 35 percent, and neutral detergent fiber, or NDF at 50
percent, which is important in its use as food for livestock. Madre de Cacao is used as firewood in some cases.
It is also used as a shade tree or ornamental plant, and sometimes as a shade tree for coffee plants.
Madre De Cacao as Foliar Fertilizer

According to J.M. Sasan, S. Gamboa, J. Gadiano, Et. Al., (2021) Madre de Cacao possesses
antifungal and antimicrobial effects. To repel insects such as mosquitoes, some farmers used Madre
de Cacao leaf extract, guava leaf extract, and natural vinegar. Gliricidia sepium, or Madre de Cacao,
as fast- growing, leguminous, medium-sized, thorn less tree that can replace Leucaena
leucocephala as a source of fodder, fuel wood, and green manure, in hedges and living fences, and
as a shade tree on tea, coffee, and cocoa estates.

Based on A. Aulanni’am, K. Ora, M.A. Beltran, (2021) Gliricidia sepium is a medium-sized

leguminous plant found widely in tropical to subtropical areas. It has been used as a medicinal
ingredient and in rodenticides by local communities in both Indonesia and the Philippines.
Madre De Cacao as Foliar Fertilizer

According to the research study that was conducted by Ibañez R., Frederick J.,
and Pelayo C. Jr., (2023) stated in their study that among the fermented
leguminous leaves, rice plants that received Madre de cacao showed the highest
plant height due to its high phosphorus content. Madre de cacao leaves were
recommended as organic fertilizer for rice for at least three months to enhance
plant height and overall plant growth.
Madre De Cacao as Foliar Fertilizer

According to G. Villegas-Pangga, (2018) study was conducted on different plant materials

utilized as alternatives of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in selected areas in Southern Luzon,
Philippines. Results showed that ingenious, successful farmers utilized kakawate (Gliricidia
sepium) on their rice farming. These farmers make use of the kakawate leaves in various ways such
as incorporated into the soil during land preparation, spread over as mulch and applied as spray on
standing crops.

Furthermore, Farmers prepared kakawate leaf extracts and this multi-purpose tree is popularly
known to many farmers because of its high mineral composition that provides nutrients to crops,
and chemical compounds that help control the insects and decrease population of soil-borne
pathogens.
Madre De Cacao as Foliar Fertilizer

In addition, in a separate study a long-term field experiment was conducted on a low-fertility

clay soil (Aquandic Epiaqualf) at International Rice Research Institute-University of the Philippines
Los Baños Experiment Station, Laguna, Philippines. Results of the study confirmed the efficiency
of kakawate documented from farmers’ experiences. After nine (9) rice cropping kakawate
significantly improved rice grain yield providing healthy plants comparable to those plants with
chemical fertilizers, and supporting the activities of beneficial soil organisms. General findings
indicative of kakawate’s pesticidal activity is the capability to boost the resistance of the rice crop
to root infection, insect and disease infestation. The effectiveness of kakawate as plant nutrient
source and bio-control of soil-borne pathogens can be an option for the future, as it guarantees
yields, reduces costs, environmentally friendly and contributes to the sustainability of agriculture.
Madre De Cacao as Foliar Fertilizer

According to the study of K.C. Briones and D. M. Epondulan, (2019) the study focused on the utilization
of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves potent as an organic fertilizer. The result showed that the
presence of nutrients and its amount level found in Gliricidia sepium leaves are the essential nutrients potent as
an organic fertilizer, such as total Nitrogen (N) 3.80% which was based on the standard 1 gram per chemical
testing using the Kjeldahl Method, total Phosphorus (P) 0.48% using Vanadomolybdate Method and total
Potassium (K) 2.14% using Microwave Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometer Method were based on the
standard 0.2 grams per chemical testing, and its pH level 7.19 using Glass Electrode Method can helps
improve the acidic soils to be naturally acidic and was analyzed by the Department of Agriculture (DA)
Regional Soils Laboratory, Taguibo, Butuan City. Based on the findings, the results show that the presence of
nutrients and its amount level found in Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) leaves are the essential nutrients
potent as an organic fertilizer, and its pH level can helps improve the acidic soils to be naturally acidic.
Madre De Cacao as Foliar Fertilizer

As stated by Elevitch, (2017) Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) is a medium-

size, semi-deciduous tree that naturally grows to 10 m (33 ft.) (Occasionally
reaching 15 m (50 ft.) in height, with a broad sunshade. It grows best in tropical,
seasonally dry climates. Although it tolerates shallow or skeletal soils with high
quantities of accessible calcium, the tree prefers deep, well-drained soils. It is fast-
growing, a nitrogen- fixing tree used throughout the tropics for the many
environmental services and products it provides. The tree is also a valuable source
of food, fuelwood, and green manure.
Madre De Cacao as Foliar Fertilizer

Duke and Wain, (2017) Abulude and Adebole, (2019) stated that Madre de
Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) could be a nitrogen-fixing tree. The toxic properties of
its seeds and bark have given rise to the generic name "Giricidia," which translates
as "mouse killer. Giricidia sepium has been reported to be narcotic, rodential,
expectorant, suppurative and insecticidal. According to Rabena, (2018) The Madre
de cacao leaves are also proven to be a good source of coumarins, a toxic chemical
that may kill practically all pests and insects.
Madre De Cacao as Foliar Fertilizer

According to Bassem, (2016) Gliricida sepium is locally known as Kakawate

in the Philippines. This legume is popular among the rural folks as a ripening agent
for their harvested banana. The majority of farmers are unaware that they can use
this plant as fertilizer to reduce their farm inputs. Application of organic materials
is a good agricultural practice to maintain soil nutrient level and improve the
properties of soil to sustain crop production. Many organic materials contain
secondary nutrients and micronutrients in addition to organic matter, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium.
Madre De Cacao as Foliar Fertilizer

As stated by Tacie, (2019) Madre de Cacao leaves extract has a distinct scent
that can attract rodents and, with the right amount, can eventually kill them. It is
also said to have a wide range of applications as a pesticide and herbal medicine
for humans and animals, according to indigenous knowledge. Sharma et. al, (2017)
stated that the efficacy of the extract of Madre de Cacao leaf as a larvicide for
domestic mosquitoes it indicated that the leaf extract has the potential to be a
natural mosquito larvicide and an alternative to industrial mosquito pesticide
substitution.
Foliar Fertilization

As stated by N. Rose, (2022) foliar fertilizers are dilute fertilizer solutions

applied directly to plant leaves. As with soil application of fertilizer, the goal of
foliar fertilization is to supply plants with the nutrients needed for good growth.

According to S. Smart, (2019) foliar fertilization is any fertilizing substance

applied in a liquid form. Modern foliar fertilizers are concentrated solutions using
very high grade technical elements, in which the nitrogen, phosphorus (P) and
potassium (K) are combined to the desired ratio in a controlled environment. The
fertilizing elements in this method are true solutions, soluble, and thus very plant
available.
Foliar Fertilization

According to Delp, (2016) Natural or organic fertilizers don't just contribute

nutrients to the soil; they also enhance its quality and structure, providing long-
term benefits including better water quality retention and drainage. Unlike
synthetic fertilizers, natural fertilizers like manure and wood ash also add organic
matter and humus to the soil, which provides a constant and balanced supply of
nutrients and improve root growth. In addition, organic fertilizers feed and sustain
beneficial microorganisms that live in the soil, which chemical products often
destroyed by increasing acid levels in soil.
Foliar Fertilization

Based on the study of J. Niu, C. Liu, M. Huang, K. Liu & D. Yan, (2020) foliar
fertilizer application after soil fertilization is an effective method to increase the
contents of trace elements in crops and crop yield, and to improve the soil
environment.
Foliar Fertilization

According to B. Patil and Chetan H. T., (2016) foliar fertilization is a technique

of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are
able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place
through their stomata and also through their epidermis. It is the application of
fertilizers to foliage of the crop as spray solution is known as foliar spray. This
method is suitable for application of small quantities of fertilizers, especially
micronutrients. Major nutrients can also be applied by this method when there is
no adequate moisture in top layer of soil. Foliar application is not substitute for soil
application, but only a supplement to it.
Curly Green Lettuce (Specific Needs)

According to United States Department of Agriculture, USDA (2020) Curly

green lettuce, known as Lollo Rossa or Lollo Bionda, belongs to the Lactuca sativa
species. It's characterized by frilly leaves and a mild flavor. Commonly used in
salads for its attractive appearance, this lettuce variety offers a good source of
vitamins A and K. Leaves can be smooth or curly and are usually green or red in
color. The lettuce plant can grow to a height of 30–100 cm (12–40 in) in height and
is typically grown as an annual, harvested after only one growing season.
Curly Green Lettuce (Specific Needs)

Based on the study of the University of California Division of Agriculture and

Natural Resources, (2019) Curly green lettuce, like other lettuce varieties, has
specific growth requirements. It thrives in well-drained soil with good moisture
retention. Adequate sunlight, around 6 hours a day, is crucial for optimal growth.
Regular watering is essential, keeping the soil consistently moist but not
waterlogged. Additionally, providing nitrogen-rich fertilizer promotes healthy leaf
development.
Curly Green Lettuce (Specific Needs)

According to F. Andra, (2024) Curly Green Lettuce plant care includes

watering, fertilizing, thinning, replanting, pest control and plant diseases. Watering
Curly Green Lettuce plants should be done carefully so that the plants are not
damaged, both leaves and stems. If the planting media dries easily, then the
frequency of watering should be twice a day, ie morning and evening. If the
planting media tends to be moist, then watering is only done once a day, morning
or evening. It is better not to water during the day, because it can cause plants to
wilt.
Curly Green Lettuce (Specific Needs)

The application of fertilizer to Curly Green Lettuce plants is done with the
dosage and method of using fertilizer which is adjusted with the instructions on the
package of each fertilizer. In addition, Curly Green Lettuce seeds needs to be sown
in place of exposed to direct sunlight, then planted and cared for. Seed shoots out 3
- 5 days, and the first harvest of Curly Green Lettuce starts 45-50 days after
Planting.
Curly Green Lettuce (Specific Needs)

A study conducted by Smith et al. (2021) investigated the optimal spacing for
curly green lettuce cultivation. Results indicated that a row spacing of 12 inches
and a hill spacing of 8 inches significantly enhanced yield and overall plant health.
This spacing configuration allowed for efficient nutrient absorption and minimized
competition among plants. The findings, published in the Journal of Agricultural
Science, provide valuable insights for lettuce farmers aiming to maximize crop
productivity.
 CHAPTER III

Research Design

A total area of 52.25 square meters was laid out using a Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD) replicated four times. This was divided into four equal blocks
measuring 9.5 meters long and 5.5 meters wide. Each block was further subdivided into
four equal plots. Each plot measured 2.5 meters long and 1 meter wide with a pathway
of .5 meter long.
TOTAL LOT AREA = 52.25 SQ.M
 LEGEND OF TREATMENTS

T1 – 40ml of Madre De Cacao leaves extract per liter of water

T2 – 30ml of Madre De Cacao leaves extract per liter of water

T3 – 20ml of Madre De Cacao leaves extract per liter of water

T4 – control (no application)

The data gathered in the entire study were the plant height and number of leaves per
plant in (14DAT) - (21DAT) AND (28 DAT) and (35DAT), and yield after harvest
(50DAP).
Participants

This research study was conducted by the student researchers as an observation

study. The researchers used Curly Green Lettuce (Latuca sativa) as the main materials.
The data collected in this research study were the plant height, number of leaves and
yield in kilograms after harvest affected by the application of the different levels of
madre de cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer.
Measures

The measures taken were the plant height, number of leaves and yield after harvest
in kilograms. Computation of cost and return analysis were computed using the return of
investment (Economic feasibility).
Tools and Materials Used

Planting materials such as curly green lettuce seeds and seedling tray with 200 holes
were secured from City Vet Trading, Libertad-Mabini St, Bacolod City. The Madre de
cacao leaves was took and found locally, specifically in the School of Agriculture
Catholic Ming Yuan College Farm area located in the back of the School Campus,
Murcia Negros Occidental. The tools and farm equipment such as hand trowel, spade,
rake, meter stick, string, hoes, sprinklers, seedling trays and other tools used in the study
were borrowed from the School of Agriculture, CMYC, Murcia.
Location of the Study and Soil Sampling Analysis

This study was conducted at Catholic Ming Yuan College Murcia, which is located
behind White Dormitory and faces the mushroom production area, from October to
November, 2023.

Collection of the soil before transplanting was done by random sampling of 10 soil
samples in the 1000 square meters of planting area. The samples were mixed and air
dried for 7 days. Soil analysis was done at Murcia, Agriculture Department Laboratory
to characterize the nutrient status of the field. Based on the soil analysis results, the soil
texture has pH of 5%, Nitrogen is high, the Phosphorus is high and the Potassium is
sufficient.
Land Preparation
Land preparation for curly green lettuce involves several key factors. Lettuce prefers
a location with 5 to 6 hours of sun, but can benefit from afternoon shade when
temperatures soar. Soil is loose, well-draining, and moist but not soggy. The
experimental field was prepared thoroughly by clearing the area of debris and weeds and
through plowing or till the soil to a depth of 6 to 8 inches to improve aeration and
drainage. Alternate three times harrowing until the soil was reduced to a fine tilth. A
well-pulverized soil promotes good soil aeration and enhances root formation.
Incorporate well-rotted organic matter, such as compost, to enhance soil fertility if
needed. Level the soil surface to ensure uniform water distribution.
Seeding

The researchers prepare a 250-hole seedling tray. Prepare the seedling media, which
can be a 1: 1: 1 or 2: 1: 1 combination of soil, sand, or toasted husk, and compost or
manure. The planting medium is placed inside the seedling container (tray, pot, or
polybag) the day before Curly Green Lettuce seeds are sown. Additionally, the
researchers plant the medium loosely that is not solidly after wetting it beforehand.
Next, we equally distribute the Curly Green Lettuce seeds around the planting media's
surface, and making sure not to pile them up.
 Finally, lightly cover the seeds with planting medium so that they are just barely
submerged in the planting media page. Next, we used a sprayer to apply a gentle water
spray for watering. We used a clear plastic cover with two to five small holes on the
seedling tray to effectively preserve the moisture content of the planting media and
seedlings.
 When the soil, or seedling medium, get dry, we open the plastic first, water the area,
and then close it again. Open the plastic lid as soon as the buds or germinants form; do
not replace the plastic lid. We place the seedling tray in a well-ventilated area that
receives plenty of light and is shielded from the elements. We watered the seedling tray
and make sure that the seeds are spaced apart, and keep an eye out for pests and
illnesses. The tray needs to be kept slightly wet but not completely dry since the
seedlings need to get regular and sufficient water for growth.
 We also used a spray tool and apply a fine water spray one or two times a day, in the
morning and evening, depending on the weather. We also make sure to mist the growing
material once a day, or even twice if possible, if the conditions are moist. Overwatering
typically has more detrimental effects than not enough watering. Curly green lettuce
seeds often sprout (germinate) in 3–5 days. When the Curly Green Lettuce seedlings
reach a sufficient size between two and six leaves, they are moved to the area, where
planting is ready.
Planting
Curly Green Lettuce Variety seeds does not need to soak, but it needs to be sown in
place of exposed to direct sunlight, then planted and cared for. We transplant curly green
lettuce in the field, when they have already 4-6 true leaves. We dig holes or furrows with
a spacing of 12-18 inches between rows and 6-10 inches between plants. Correct spacing
is important in transplanting. We gently place seedlings in the holes, ensuring the roots
are well spread. Transplant 1 seedling/hill, press the soil around the plant for easier
seedling recovery. Water thoroughly after planting to help with establishment. It is
better to do the transplanting in the late afternoon to reduce stress of transplanting. We
cover the transplant seedlings with enough soil to protect the roots and press the soil
around and water the plants immediately.
Fertilization
The Madre de cacao leaves extract was prepared and applied after 7 days of
transplanting and for the whole duration of experiment at 7 days interval with four
replication per treatment. The application was made directly from the leaves of lettuce
using a sprayer. To prepare Madre de cacao leaves extract, we grind or pound leaves
using blender and strain all the extracts and place it in a clean container or plastic bottle.
When applying the leaves of Madre de cacao as foliar fertilizer extracts, it will be filled
with water by proper ratio for seven days interval and used as organic foliar fertilizer.
Curly green lettuce plants are fertilized with extract from Madre de cacao leaves at
varying levels, which are fine-tuned based on the application parameters.
 According to ICL, (2023) the best times for foliar spraying are early morning and
late afternoon, when humidity is higher and the leaves are in a state of full turgor, with
their cells full of water. Avoid foliar spraying during the warmer hours of the day;
absorption at high temperatures is very poor and plants may be exposed to stress and
suffer scorching. Always spray when soil moisture is sufficient. Leaves will then be
turgid and not susceptible to water stress. Consider irrigating on the day prior to
spraying.
Cultivation and Weeding

After planting, there was a one-week gap between each round of cultivation and
weeding. A trowel was used to complete these. Following each weeding, the plants'
bases were mound-surrounded by the cultivation process. When weeds start to grow
around the Curly Green Lettuce plant, we remove them out to help soften the soil
surrounding the plant. We also add more soil to Curly Green Lettuce plants, particularly
if the soil surrounding the plant begins to breakdown or if there are exposed plant roots.
Water Supply and Irrigation
Water was given to the crops at each of their six distinctive stages of development:
seed, cotyledon, seedling, rosette, cupping, and heading. This was done as often as
needed to ensure that the crops received enough moisture during their early growth
stages. Watering Curly Green Lettuce plants requires caution to avoid damaging the
stems or leaves of the plants. Watering is essential twice a day, in the morning and the
evening, if the planting medium dries out easily. Watering is best performed once a day,
in the morning or the evening, if the planting media has a tendency to stay moist.
Watering during the day should be avoided as it can make plants wilt. The foliar
fertilizer application of Madre de cacao leaves extract to curly green lettuce plants is
carried out at varying application levels, which are calibrated accordingly.
 Watering is best performed once a day, in the morning or the evening, if the planting
media has a tendency to stay moist. Watering during the day should be avoided as it can
make plants wilt. The foliar fertilizer application of Madre de cacao leaves extract to
curly green lettuce plants is carried out at varying application levels, which are
calibrated accordingly.
Pest and Diseases Control
Common pests affecting curly green lettuce include aphids, which suck sap from
leaves, caterpillars like cabbage worms and loopers, causing foliage damage; and slugs
or snails that feed on leaves during the night. Regular monitoring and early
intervention, such as spraying madre de cacao leaves extract as organic foliar fertilizer
with 7 days interval per week help manage these pests effectively in curly green lettuce
crops.
 Common pests affecting curly green lettuce include aphids, which suck sap from
leaves, caterpillars like cabbage worms and loopers, causing foliage damage; and slugs
or snails that feed on leaves during the night. Regular monitoring and early
intervention, such as spraying madre de cacao leaves extract as organic foliar fertilizer
with 7 days interval per week help manage these pests effectively in curly green lettuce
crops.
 Aphids, mites, trips, bark caterpillars, and whiteflies are examples of plant pests. It
is more likely that these plant pests will appear during the dry season. In order to prevent
this, we use an insect pest extract made from madre de cacao leaves once a week, by the
levels of application if needed. Spraying madre de cacao leaves extract can help manage
and prevent these diseases in curly green lettuce crops. Regular monitoring is essential
for early detection and control.
Harvesting

Harvest curly green lettuce when leaves are crisp, vibrant, and have reached a
desirable size, usually around 45 - 50 days after planting. We gently grasp outer leaves
near the base and cut with clean, sharp shears, leaving inner leaves to continue growing.
We harvested the crop in the morning for optimal freshness. Avoid waiting too long, as
over mature lettuce can turn bitter and tough. For a continuous harvest, pick outer leaves
while allowing inner ones to develop. Proper storage involves refrigerating in a plastic
bag with a damp paper towel to maintain crispness. Regular harvesting promotes plant
health and encourages prolonged productivity.
 Harvesting was done manually 50 days after planting and each plot or treatment was
harvested separately. There were 10 representative samples from each plot taken for data
computation. All plots were harvested on the same day.
Collection of Data

1. Plant height - 14 days after planting, the average plant height was taken from 10
representative sample plants using a ruler or measuring tape to assess from the soil
surface to the tip of the tallest leaf every 7 days interval. We ensure the measurement is
taken vertically, avoiding any slanting. Consistency in measurement techniques across
plants is crucial for accurate data. Record measurements in centimeters or inches,
depending on our preference. We conducted the measurements during the same time of
day to minimize environmental factors.
 2. Number of leaves - 14 days after planting, the leaves of 10 representative sample
plants was measured as a crucial metric for plant health and growth assessment. We
begin by selecting a representative sample of plants. Count all visible leaves,
distinguishing between outer and inner leaves. This quantitative data aids in evaluating
the plant's developmental stage and overall vitality. Regular leaf counts over time
provide insights into growth patterns and potential issues. Ensure consistency in
measurement techniques to maintain accuracy. It was done every 7 days interval.
 3. Yield in kgs. /ha. - 50 days after planting, we gathered the yield and data of curly
green lettuce in kilograms per hectare, we started by harvesting a representative sample
area. Weigh the harvested lettuce to obtain the total weight. Measure the sampled area
accurately and extrapolate to a hectare. Calculate the yield using the formula: Yield
(kg/ha) = (Total weight of harvested lettuce / Sampled area) × 10,000. Ensure uniform
sampling across the field for reliable results. Repeat measurements in different sections
for a comprehensive overview. This systematic approach to data gathering provides
valuable insights into the productivity of the curly green lettuce crop on a larger scale,
aiding in effective agricultural management decisions.
 Statistical Analysis and Presentation and Analysis of Data

All data collected from the experiment were analyzed statistically using the ANOVA
or Analysis of Variance of Randomized Complete Block Design or RCBD.

The result of the experiment were presented by the researchers using tables, figures,
and different levels of Madre de cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer in enhancing the
growth and yield performance of curly green lettuce.
 CHAPTER IV

TABLE 1. Summary of the Means of all the parameters gathered on the application of foliar fertilizer to
curly green lettuce (Lactuca sativa) growth and yield performance by applying extract from the leaves of
the Madre de cacao plant (Gliricidia sepium).
 Table 2. Plant Height (cm) of Curly Green Lettuce 50 days after planting applied
with the different levels of Madre de cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer.
 In accordance with Table 2, there were significant differences in the means of plant
height for Curly Green Lettuce 50 days after planting when varied quantities of Madre de
cacao leaf extract were applied as foliar fertilizer. The varying quantities of extract from
Madre de cacao leaves used as foliar fertilizer exhibit significant variation, as
demonstrated by Anova Table 2.1. The curly green lettuce plants treated with Treatment 1
(40 ml/L) extract from Madre de cacao leaves had the highest average height, measuring
196.5 cm. Treatment 2 (30ml/L) was next, with an average plant height of 183.25 cm.
Treatment 3 (20ml/L) produced an average plant height of 166.75 cm, however Treatment
4 (no application) produced the shortest height, with an average plant height of 137.75
cm.
WEEK 1
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 10 128 12.8 1.511111111
Column 2 10 129 12.9 0.766666667
Column 3 10 127 12.7 0.9
Column 4 10 70 7 2.222222222

Table 2.1 Analysis of Variance on Plant Height of Curly Green Lettuce

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 252.5 3 84.16666667 62.34567901 2.48653E-14 2.866265551
Within Groups 48.6 36 1.35

Total 301.1 39
 WEEK 2
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 10 167 16.7 2.677777778
Column 2 10 139 13.9 2.544444444
Column 3 10 131 13.1 2.544444444
Column 4 10 112 11.2 1.288888889

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 156.475 3 52.15833333 23.0392638 1.68672E-08 2.866265551

Within Groups 81.5 36 2.263888889

Total 237.975 39
WEEK 3
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 10 192 19.2 0.4
Column 2 10 182 18.2 1.066666667
Column 3 10 171 17.1 2.1
Column 4 10 144 14.4 0.711111111

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 128.475 3 42.825 40.04415584 1.46559E-11 2.866265551
Within Groups 38.5 36 1.069444444

Total 166.975 39
 WEEK 4
SUMMARY

Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Column 1 10 299 29.9 22.1

Column 2 10 283 28.3 17.78888889
Column 3 10 238 23.8 20.4

Column 4 10 225 22.5 13.16666667

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 375.275 3 125.0916667 6.81182877 0.000939329 2.866265551
Within Groups 661.1 36 18.36388889

Total 1036.375 39
A significant finding was indicated by Table 2.1's Analysis of Variance on the Plant Height of
Curly Green Lettuce. There is a difference in the growth patterns of curly green lettuce plant
indicated by the P-values in week 1 (2.48653E-14), week 2 (1.68672E-08), week 3 (1.46559E-
11), and week 4 (0.000939329), all of which are less than the 0.5 level of significance.

Figure I. Average Plant Height of Curly Green Lettuce at 50 Days after plantig (DAP) in centimeters.
Table 3. Number of Leaves (cm) of Curly Green Lettuce 50 days after planting
applied with the different levels of Madre de cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer.
R E P L I C A T I O N

TREATMENT I II III IV Treatment Treatment

(t) Total Means

T1 45 47 53 113 258 64.5

T2 37 43 52 95 227 56.75

T3 34 43 50 87 214 53.5

T4 31 36 52 80 199 49.75

Block Total 147 169 207 375

Block Mean 36.75 42.25 51.75 93.75 898 224.5

 Table 3 revealed that there were significant differences in the means of
Curly Green Lettuce leaves 50 days after planting when foliar fertilizer applied
at varying amounts of Madre de cacao leaf extract. The various concentrations
of Madre de cacao leaf extract used as foliar fertilizer varies considerably, as
demonstrated by Analysis of variance of Table 3.1. Treatment 1 (40 ml/L)
Madre de cacao leaf extract treated the curly green lettuce plants with the most
leaves, resulting in an average of 64.5 leaves. Treatment 2 (30 ml/L) produced
an average of 56.75 leaves, while Treatment 3 (20 ml/L) produced an average of
53.5 leaves. Treatment 4 (no application) produced the fewest leaves, with an
average of 49.75 leaves.
Table 3.1 Analysis of Variance on Number of Leaves of Curly Green Lettuce

WEEK 1
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 10 45 4.5 0.277777778
Column 2 10 37 3.7 0.455555556
Column 3 10 34 3.4 0.711111111
Column 4 10 31 3.1 0.322222222
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 10.875 3 3.625 8.20754717 0.000272398 2.866265551
Within Groups 15.9 36 0.441666667

Total 26.775 39
 WEEK 2
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 10 47 4.7 0.233333333
Column 2 10 43 4.3 0.233333333
Column 3 10 43 4.3 0.455555556
Column 4 10 36 3.6 0.266666667

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 6.275 3 2.091666667 7.037383178 0.000764819 2.866265551
Within Groups 10.7 36 0.297222222

Total 16.975 39
 WEEK 3
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 10 53 5.3 0.455555556
Column 2 10 52 5.2 0.4
Column 3 10 50 5 1.111111111
Column 4 10 52 5.2 1.066666667

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.475 3 0.158333333 0.208791209 0.889646867 2.866265551
Within Groups 27.3 36 0.758333333

Total 27.775 39
 WEEK 4
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 10 113 11.3 8.455555556
Column 2 10 95 9.5 3.833333333
Column 3 10 87 8.7 1.788888889
Column 4 10 80 8 3.555555556

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 60.675 3 20.225 4.587901701 0.008058379 2.866265551

Within Groups 158.7 36 4.408333333

Total 219.375 39
 Table 3.1's analysis of variance result for the quantity of curly green lettuce leaves showed a
significant outcome. The difference in the growth patterns of curly green lettuce plants is indicated by
the P-values in week 1 (0.000272398), week 2 (0.000764819), week 3 (0.889646867), and week 4
(0.008058379), all of which are below than the 0.5 level of significance.

Figure II. Average number of Leaves of Curly Green Lettuce in 50 Days after Planting (DAP)
Table 4. Yield of Curly Green Lettuce 50 days after planting applied with the
different levels of Madre de cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer after harvest.
 The table 4 shows the mean yield in kg. /ha.as affected by the different levels of Madre de cacao leaves extract
as foliar fertilizer after harvest. With an overall production of 22,500 kg/ha and a mean yield of 5,625, Treatment 1
produced the highest mean yield. Curly green lettuce plant with a total yield of 20,000 kg. /ha and an average mean
of 5,000 is obtained by Treatment 2, followed by Treatment 3 with 17,500 total yield in kg. /ha with an average mean
yield of 4,375 and the lowest yield was achieved by Treatment 4 with a total of 10,000 kg. /ha with an average mean
yield of 2,500.

Figure III. Average Weight of Curly Green Lettuce after Harvest

 Table 4.1 Analysis of Variance on the Average Yield of Curly Green Lettuce in kg. /ha.

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
T1 4 20000 5000 4166667
T2 4 17500 4375 1562500
T3 4 17500 4375 1562500
T4 4 15000 3750 2083333
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 3125000 3 1041667 0.444444 0.725624 3.490295
Within
Groups 28125000 12 2343750

Total 31250000 15

The results of the statistical analysis, shown in Table 4.1, indicate that there is a significant difference in the levels
among treatment means. The P-value for this difference, which is 0.725624, suggests that applying varying amounts of
Madre de cacao extract as foliar fertilizer to the yield performance of curly green lettuce has a significant impact on
plant yield.
 The cost and return analysis of applying Madre de Cacao leaf extract as foliar fertilizer to Curly Green
Lettuce is presented in Table 5. The results of the computation showed that Treatment 1 had the highest gross
income, 928,125, followed by Treatment 2 825,000, Treatment 3 721,875, and Treatment 4 (control), which had the
lowest gross income with a gross return on investment of 412,500. The range of returns on investment for the three
treatments is 65.87–52.90–39.79. Treatment 1 yielded the greatest ROI at 65.87%, followed by Treatment 2 at
52.90% and Treatment 3 at 39.79%, which is the lowest gross income.
 IMPLICATIONS
The efficacy of Madre de cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer in enhancing the
growth and yield performance of curly green lettuce" holds significant implications for
both agricultural practices and environmental sustainability.
Firstly, the findings of this research suggest a potential alternative to conventional
synthetic fertilizers. Madre de cacao leaves extract proves effective in enhancing lettuce
growth and yield, results observed on the growth and yield performance of curly green
lettuce in terms of plant height, number of leaves and yield after harvest were significant
which means that the application of Madre de Cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer
increased the curly green lettuce variety positively and it offers a more sustainable and
eco-friendly option for farmers.
 Difference between treatments means showed significant difference
for the growth and yield of lettuce in terms of plant height in centimeter,
number of leaves and yield after harvest in kilograms per hectare. The
means of the four treatments varied significantly, with treatment 1
(40ml. /L.) showing the highest mean followed by treatments 2 (30ml. /L)
and 3 (20ml. /L), and treatment 4 (the control group) obtaining the lowest
mean.
 This could lead to a reduction in the reliance on chemical fertilizers, thereby
minimizing the environmental impact associated with their production and usage.
Moreover, our research study's outcomes may contribute to addressing concerns
related to growth and yield performance of crops.

Synthetic fertilizers often lead to nutrient imbalance over time. The potential
economic impact of adopting Madre de cacao leaves extract as a foliar fertilizer is
another crucial implication and it was proven cost-effective and efficient that farmers
could benefit from reduced input costs while maintaining or even increasing crop
yields. This study positively influence the economic viability of farming practices,
particularly for small-scale and resource-limited farmers.
 Furthermore, the thesis's study implications extend to the realm of
biodiversity conservation. The study's focus on curly green lettuce also has
implications for the broader agricultural industry. Madre de cacao leaves extract
proves effective for lettuce, and it pave the way for similar investigations into its
impact on other crops.

This study lead to the development of a versatile and sustainable foliar

fertilizer applicable to various plants, further enhancing its value for farmers and
the agricultural sector as a whole. Additionally, the research has potential
implications for food security.
 As global populations continue to rise, finding sustainable and efficient ways to enhance
crop productivity becomes crucial. Madre de cacao leaves extract proves to be a reliable
foliar fertilizer, and it contribute to increased food production, helping to address food
security challenges on a broader scale. Lastly, this study conducted on the efficacy of Madre
de cacao leaves extract as a foliar fertilizer holds far-reaching implications for agricultural
sustainability, economic viability, biodiversity conservation, and food security.

The findings were significant which means that the application of different levels of
Madre de cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer increased the growth and yield performance
of curly green lettuce variety positively that pave the way for a shift towards more
environmentally friendly and economically viable agricultural practices, shaping the future
of sustainable farming.
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The researchers concluded from the results that curly green lettuce's growth and yield
performance were greatly enhanced by the application of Madre de cacao leaf extract as foliar
fertilizer. This resulted in a positive change in the plant's height and number of leaves.
Therefore, the hypothesis that different concentrations of Madre de cacao leaf extract applied
directly as foliar fertilizer do not significantly alter characteristics like plant height (in
centimeters), number of leaves, and yield (in kilograms per hectare) of curly green lettuce plant
after harvest is rejected.
This study has provided valuable insights into the potential of using natural extracts for
agricultural purposes. Through a comprehensive examination of the effects of Madre de cacao
leaves extract on curly green lettuce, several key findings have emerged.
 The application of T1 (40 ml of Madre de cacao extract /liter of water), T2 (30 ml
of Madre de cacao extract /liter of water), and T3 (20 ml of Madre de cacao extract
/liter of water) provides a guaranteed profit to farmers and lettuce growers, in
accordance with the data on value and cost and return analysis. Treatment 1 (40 ml/L)
has a higher R.O.I. of 65.87, followed by Treatment 2 (30 ml/L) with 52.90 R.O.I.
and Treatment 3 (20 ml/L.) with 39.79 R.O.I. The hypothesis that stated farmers and
lettuce producers could not profitably utilize an extract from Madre de cacao leaves
as a foliar fertilizer was rejected.
 The study demonstrated that Madre de cacao leaves extract can indeed serve as an
effective foliar fertilizer. The growth parameters of curly green lettuce, including
plant height, number of leaves and yield exhibited significant improvement when
treated with the different levels of Madre de cacao extract.
This suggests that the extract contains essential nutrients and bioactive
compounds that positively influence the plant's physiological processes. Moreover,
the research explored the impact of Madre de cacao leaves extract on the yield
performance of curly green lettuce.
 The results indicated a notable increase in both the quantity and quality of the
harvested lettuce when compared to control group. This implies that the extract not
only enhances growth but also contributes to the overall productivity of the crop.
The potential economic benefits for farmers and the agricultural industry as a
whole are evident. Furthermore, the environmentally friendly nature of Madre de
cacao leaves extract stands out as a significant advantage. Unlike synthetic fertilizers
that may have adverse effects on soil health and water systems, the natural origin of
the extract minimizes the risk of environmental pollution. This aligns with the
growing global emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices.
 However, it is essential to acknowledge certain limitations in the study.
Variability in soil conditions, climate, and other external factors may influence the
effectiveness of Madre de cacao leaves extract in different regions. Further research
could delve into these variations to provide a more nuanced understanding of the
extract's applicability across diverse agricultural settings. In conclusion, the findings
of this thesis underscore the potential of Madre de cacao leaves extract as a viable
alternative to conventional foliar fertilizers. The positive impact on both growth and
yield of curly green lettuce suggests promising applications in broader agricultural
contexts.
 As the world grapples with the challenges of sustainable farming and
environmental conservation, natural extracts like Madre de cacao present themselves
as valuable resources for fostering a balance between productivity and ecological
responsibility. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable
agriculture and invites further exploration into harnessing the potential of plant-
based solutions for the benefit of our food systems and the planet.
RECOMMENDATION

The efficacy of madre de cacao leaves extract as foliar fertilizer in

enhancing the growth and yield performance of curly green lettuce is
highly recommended. This research demonstrates a thorough
investigation into the potential benefits of using madre de cacao
leaves extract as a foliar fertilizer for curly green lettuce. The study
not only contributes to the existing knowledge in agriculture but also
offers practical insights for sustainable and eco-friendly farming
practices.
 To assess the efficacy of madre de cacao leaves extract, a
comprehensive experimental design was implemented. Curly green lettuce
was chosen as the test crop due to its popularity and economic importance.
The experiment involved the application of varying concentrations of
madre de cacao leaves extract as a foliar spray at different growth stages
of lettuce.
 The results of the experiment revealed a noticeable improvement in the
growth parameters of curly green lettuce treated with madre de cacao
leaves extract. Plants exhibited increased plant height and number of
leaves. These findings suggest that madre de cacao leaves extract
positively influences the physiological processes of lettuce, leading to
better overall growth. Additionally, the foliar application of madre de
cacao extract showed a reduction in pest infestation.
 One of the key indicators of the efficacy of any fertilizer is its impact
on yield. In the case of madre de cacao leaves extract, the experimental
results demonstrated a significant increase in lettuce yield compared to the
control group. The enhanced growth observed in treated plants translated
into higher biomass and improved marketable yield, emphasizing the
positive effect of madre de cacao extract on the economic aspect of lettuce
cultivation.
 Based on the comprehensive analysis of the experimental results, it is
evident that madre de cacao leaves extract holds great promise as a foliar
fertilizer for curly green lettuce. The observed improvements in growth
parameters, coupled with the enhanced yield, support the recommendation
for the adoption of madre de cacao leaves extract in lettuce cultivation.
This natural and sustainable approach not only contributes to the overall
health of the plants but also aligns with the growing global interest in
environmentally friendly agricultural practices.
 THE END.
THANK YOU!!
Psalm 28:7-8

The LORD is my strength and my shield; My heart trusts in Him, and I am helped;
Therefore my heart exults, And with my song I shall thank Him. The LORD is their
strength, And He is a saving defense to His anointed.
 THESIS
DEFENDED!!
TO GOD BE THE GLORY!