Chap 4.

Internet of Things (IoT)

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1. Overview of IoT
 IoT is a system of interrelated
devices
 connected to a network and/or
to one another,
 exchanging data without
necessarily requiring human-to
machine interaction.
 IoT is a collection of electronic
devices
 that can share information
among themselves.
 IoT is the networking of smart
objects
 in which smart objects have
some constraints such as
limited bandwidth, power, and
processing accessibility for
achieving interoperability
among smart objects.

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 Overview of IoT
 IoT is the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with electronics, software, sensors,
and network connectivity, which enables these
objects to collect and exchange data.
 IoT is a network of devices that can sense,
accumulate and transfer data over the internet
without any human intervention.
 IoT consists of any device with an on/off switch
connected to the Internet.
IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors

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 IoT − Key Features
 AI
 Artificial Intelligence is the brain of a system, while the Industrial IoT
functions like the digital nervous system.
 It enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial
intelligence algorithms, and networks.
 Connectivity
 Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being
practical.
 IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
 Sensors
 IoT loses its distinction without sensors.
 Instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices
into an active system capable of real-world integration.
 IoT devices are often called smart devices because they have sensors and can
conduct complex data analytics.
 Active Engagement
 IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service
engagement.
 Small Devices
 Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over
time.
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 IoT − Advantages
 Improved Customer Engagement
 IoT completely transforms passive engagement to
achieve richer and more effective/active engagement
with audiences.
 Technology Optimization
 IoT aids in more potent improvements to technology.
 IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data
 Reduced Waste
 IoT makes areas of improvement clear.
 Current analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT
provides real-world information leading to more
effective management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection
 It allows an accurate picture of everything.

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 IoT − Disadvantages
 Security
 Users are exposed to various kinds of attackers
 Privacy
 The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in
extreme detail without the user's active participation.
 Complexity
 IoT systems are complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large
set of new enabling technologies.
 Flexibility
 The flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with another is
an issue.
 Compliance
 Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly
challenging when many consider standard software compliance a
battle.

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 How does IoT work?
 IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart
devices that use embedded processors, sensors
and communication hardware to collect, send and
act on data they acquire from their environments.
 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or another edge
device where data is either sent to the cloud to be
analyzed or analyzed locally.
 Devices communicate with other related devices
and act on the information they get from one
another.

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2. Architecture of IoT

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Architecture of IoT
i. Sensing Layer
 Identify any phenomena
in the devices’ peripheral
and obtain data from the
real world.
 This layer consists of
several sensors
 Sensors in IoT devices are
usually integrated through
sensor hubs

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 Types of Sensors in IoT
 Motion Sensors
 Motion sensors measure the change in
motion as well as the orientation of the
devices.
 There are two types of motions one can
observe in a device: linear and angular
motions.
 The linear motion refers to the linear
displacement of an IoT device while the
angular motion refers to the rotational
displacement of the device.
 Environmental Sensors
 Sense the change in environmental
parameters in the device’s peripheral.
 Light sensors, Pressure sensors,

 Position sensors
 Deal with the physical position and
location of the device.
 Magnetic sensors and Global

Positioning System (GPS) sensors

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 Architecture of IoT
ii. Network Layer
 Acts as a communication channel to transfer data,
collected in the sensing layer, to other connected
devices.
 It is implemented by using diverse communication
technologies to allow data flow between other devices
within the same network.
 e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, LoRa, cellular

network, etc.

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 Architecture of IoT
iii. Data Processing Layer
 Consists of the main data processing unit of IoT
devices.
 The data processing layer takes data collected in the
sensing layer and analyses the data to make decisions
based on the result.
 In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home
hub, etc.), the data processing layer also saves the
result of the previous analysis to improve the user
experience.
 This layer may share the result of data processing with
other connected devices via the network layer.

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 Architecture of IoT

iv. Application Layer

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 IoT- Technology and Protocols
 IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and
networking technologies.
 The major enabling technologies and protocols of
IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-
energy wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-
A, and WiFi-Direct.
 These technologies support the specific
networking functionality needed in an IoT system
in contrast to a standard uniform network of
common systems.

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 IoT- Technology and
Protocols
 NFC and RFID
 RFID (radio-frequency identification)
 NFC (near-field communication)
 These protocols provide simple, lowenergy, and
versatile options for identity and access tokens,
connection bootstrapping, and payments.
 RFID technology employs 2-way radio transmitter-
receivers to identify and track tags associated
with objects.
 NFC consists of communication protocols for
electronic devices, typically a mobile device and a
standard device.

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 IoT- Technology and
Protocols
 Low-Energy Bluetooth
 This technology supports the low-power, long-use need
of IoT function while exploiting a standard technology
with native support across systems.
 Low-Energy Wireless
 This technology replaces the most power-hungry
aspect of an IoT system.
 Though sensors and other elements can power down
over long periods, communication links (i.e., wireless)
must remain in listening mode.
 Low-energy wireless not only reduces consumption, but
also extends the life of the device through less use.

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 IoT- Technology and
Protocols
 Radio Protocols
 ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Thread are radio protocols for
creating low-rate private area networks.
 These technologies are low-power but offer high
throughput unlike many similar options.
 This increases the power of small local device networks
without the typical costs.
 LTE-A
 LTE-A, or LTE Advanced, delivers an important upgrade
to LTE technology by increasing not only its coverage,
but also reducing its latency and raising its throughput.
 It gives IoT a tremendous power through expanding its
range, with its most significant applications being
vehicle, UAV, and similar communication.

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 IoT- Technology and
Protocols
 WiFi-Direct
 WiFi-Direct eliminates the need for an access point.
 It allows P2P (peer-to-peer) connections with the
speed of WiFi, but with lower latency.
 WiFi-Direct eliminates an element of a network that
often bogs it down, and it does not compromise on
speed or throughput.

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 IoT Platforms
 IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet
of Things and cloud technology
 Adafruit IO
 Cayenne
 IFTTT
 KAA
 SiteWhere
 ThingSpeak
 DeviceHive
 Zetta
 ThingsBoard

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 Applications of IoT
 Agriculture
 IoT makes monitoring and management of micro-climate
conditions a reality, which in turn increases production
 Consumer Use
 IoT devices in the form of wearables and smart homes make life
easier
 Healthcare
 IoT devices let hospitals monitor their patients’ health at home,
thereby reducing hospital stays
 Utilities
 IoT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental
 Insurance
 Manufacturing
 Transportation

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 IoT Based Smart
Applications
 IoT Based Smart Home
 Remote Control Appliances
 Weather
 Smart Home Appliances
 Safety Monitoring
 Intrusion Detection Systems
 Energy and Water Use
 IoT Based Smart City
 Structural Health
 Lightning
 Safety
 Transportation
 Smart Parking
 Waste Management
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 Assignment
1. Describe the IoT based smart university.
2. Among the discussed components, implement
one as your project. Refer to year 3 SE, they
have IoT devices.
3. Give at least 5 hardware components of IoT?
4. Explain the role of data in IoT system.

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