Chapter 5: Conservation of Mass,

Euler and Bernoulli Equations

 Introduction

This chapter deals with 3 equations

commonly used in fluid mechanics
The mass equation is an expression of the
conservation of mass principle.
The Bernoulli equation is concerned with the
conservation of kinetic, potential, and flow
energies of a fluid stream and their
conversion to each other.

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 Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be

able to
Apply the mass equation to balance the incoming and
outgoing flow rates in a flow system.
Recognize various forms of mechanical energy, and
work with energy conversion efficiencies.
Understand the use and limitations of the Bernoulli
equation, and apply it to solve a variety of fluid flow
problems.
Work with the energy equation expressed in terms of
heads, and use it to determine turbine power output
and pumping power requirements.

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 Conservation of Mass
Conservation of mass principle is one of the
most fundamental principles in nature.
Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and
it cannot be created or destroyed during a
process.
For closed systems mass conservation is implicit
since the mass of the system remains constant
during a process.
For control volumes, mass can cross the
boundaries which means that we must keep
track of the amount of mass entering and
leaving the control volume.

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 Mass and Volume Flow Rates
The amount of mass flowing
through a control surface per unit
time is called the mass flow rate
and is denoted m 
The dot over a symbol is used to
indicate time rate of change.
Flow rate across the entire cross-
sectional area of a pipe or duct is
obtained by integration

m    m   Vn dAc
Ac Ac
m
While this expression for is
exact, it is not always convenient
for engineering analyses.

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 Average Velocity and Volume Flow Rate

Integral in m can be replaced with

average values of  and Vn
1
Vavg  
Ac Ac
Vn dAc

For many flows variation of is

  Vavg Ac
very small: m

Volume flow rate V is given by
V   Vn dAc  Vavg Ac  VAc
Ac

Note: many textbooks use Q

instead of V for volume flow rate.
Mass and volume flow rates are
  V
related by m

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ME33 : Fluid Flow 7 Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli, and Energy Equations
ME33 : Fluid Flow 8 Chapter 5: Mass, Bernoulli, and Energy Equations
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Then the Continuity Equation
can be written in vector form

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CONTUNITY EQUATION FOR ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW

5.24 as
 The Bernoulli Equation

The Bernoulli equation

is an approximate relation
between pressure,
velocity, and elevation
and is valid in regions of
steady, incompressible
flow where net frictional
forces are negligible.
Equation is useful in flow
regions outside of
boundary layers and
wakes.

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 Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy can be defined as the form of
energy that can be converted to mechanical work
completely and directly by an ideal mechanical device
such as an ideal turbine.
Flow P/, kinetic V2/g, and potential gz energy are the
forms of mechanical energy emech= P/V2/g + gz
Mechanical energy change of a fluid during
incompressible flow becomes
P2  P1 V22  V12
emech    g  z2  z1 
 2
In the absence of loses, emech represents the work
supplied to the fluid (emech>0) or extracted from the fluid
(emech<0).

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 The Bernoulli Equation

Assumptions to derive Bernoulli Equation are:

Fluid is non-viscous
Fluid is homogeneous and incompressible,
hence  = constant
The flow is steady and continuous
The flow is along the streamline
Velocity is uniform over the section
The only forces acting on the fluid are the gravity
forces and the pressure forces.

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This is famous Euler Equation of Fluid Motion
(Bernoulli Equation from Euler Equation:)
 The Bernoulli Equation

Limitations on the use of the Bernoulli Equation

Steady flow: d/dt = 0
Frictionless flow
No shaft work: wpump=wturbine=0
Incompressible flow:  = constant
No heat transfer: qnet,in=0
Applied along a streamline (except for irrotational
flow)

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 General Energy Equation

One of the most fundamental laws in nature is the 1st

law of thermodynamics, which is also known as the
conservation of energy principle.
It states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed during a process; it can only change forms

Falling rock, picks up speed

as PE is converted to KE.
If air resistance is neglected,
PE + KE = constant

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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows
(Bernoulli equation from general energy eq.)
 V2   V2 
Qnet ,in  Wshaft ,net ,in   m  h   gz    m  h   gz 
out  2  in  2 

For steady flow, time rate of change of the

energy content of the CV is zero.
This equation states: the net rate of energy
transfer to a CV by heat and work transfers
during steady flow is equal to the difference
between the rates of outgoing and incoming
energy flows with mass.

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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows

For single-stream
devices, mass flow rate
is constant.

V22  V12
qnet ,in  wshaft ,net ,in  h2  h1   g  z2  z1 
2
P1 V12 P2 V22
wshaft ,net ,in    gz1    gz2  u2  u1  qnet ,in 
1 2 2 2
P1 V12 P2 V22
  gz1  w pump    gz2  wturbine  emech ,loss
1 2 2 2

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 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows

Divide by g to get each term in units of length

P1 V12 P2 V22
  z1  hpump    z2  hturbine  hL
1 g 2 g 2 g 2 g
Magnitude of each term is now expressed as an
equivalent column height of fluid, i.e., Head

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 The Bernoulli Equation
If we neglect piping losses, and have a system without
pumps or turbines

P1 V12 P2 V22
  z1    z2
1 g 2 g 2 g 2 g

This is the Bernoulli equation

It can also be derived using Newton's second law of
motion (see text, p. 187).
3 terms correspond to: Static, dynamic, and hydrostatic
head (or pressure).

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 HGL and EGL
It is often convenient
to plot mechanical
energy graphically
using heights.
Hydraulic Grade Line
P
HGL  z
g
Energy Grade Line
(or total energy)
P V2
EGL   z
 g 2g
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