Everglades High School

Physics Honors

Forces and the Laws of Motion

(Chapter 4)

Alberto Dominguez

Updated for 2019 Edition of HMH Physics

Let’s Review

• Kinematics
• Acceleration
• Vectors
Topics

• Changes in motion
• Force
• Force diagrams (free-body diagrams)
• Newton’s First Law
• Inertia
• Equilibrium
• Newton’s Second and Third Laws
• Newton’s Second Law
• Newton’s Third Law
• Everyday Forces
• Weight
• The Normal Force
• The Force of Friction
 Section 1 Changes in Motion

Section 1 Objectives

• Describe how force affects the motion of an

object.
• Interpret and construct free-body diagrams.
• SC.912.P10.10 – Compare the magnitude and
range of the four fundamental forces

p. 120
 Section 1 Changes in Motion

Force

• Force = an interaction between two objects

• Forces cause acceleration
• A force can cause a stationary object to move (e.g.,
throwing a ball)
• A force can cause a moving object to slow down or stop
(e.g., catching a ball)
• A force can cause a moving object to change direction
• The SI unit of force is the Newton (N)
• 1 N = 1 kg x 1 m/s2
• 1 pound = 4.448 N

p. 120
 Section 1 Changes in Motion

Force

• Forces can act through contact or at a

distance
• Contact forces – forces that result from two objects
physically touching
• Field forces – forces that do not involve contact
• Gravity, Electromagnetic force, Weak force, Strong force
• All macroscopic contact forces are actually
due to microscopic field forces
• Examples: Friction, Collision forces
• Ultimately, every force can be categorized as
one of the four fundamental field forces
p. 121
 Section 1 Changes in Motion

Force Diagrams

• Force is a vector
• A free-body diagram helps
analyze a situation

pp. 122-124
 Section 1 Changes in Motion

Practice A – Drawing Free-Body Diagrams

In class

Pg 124 #1, 2

Pg 146 #7, 8, 9

p. 146
 Section 2 Newton’s First Law

Section 2 Objectives

• Explain the relationship between the motion of

an object and the net external force acting on
the object.
• Determine the net external force on an object.
• Calculate the force required to bring an object
into equilibrium.
• SC.912.P12.3 – Interpret and apply Newton’s
three laws of motion

p. 125
 Section 2 Newton’s First Law

Newton’s First Law

• “An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in

motion continues in motion with constant velocity,
unless the object experiences a net external force.”
• Known as the Law of Inertia
• Net force = the vector sum of all forces acting on an
object
• Inertia = the tendency of an object not to accelerate
• Mass is a measure of inertia
• When the net force is zero, the acceleration is zero
• Objects moving with constant velocity (this includes
objects at rest as just a special case) are in equilibrium
• Equilibrium ⬄ constant v ⬄ a = 0 ⬄ Net force = 0
p. 125
 Section 2 Newton’s First Law

Practice B
 Section 2 Newton’s First Law

Homework

Pg 128 #3

Pg 146 #10, 11, 12

p. 128
 Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

Section 3 Objectives

• Describe an object’s acceleration in terms

of its mass and the net force acting on it.
• Predict the direction and magnitude of the
acceleration caused by a known net
force.
• Identify action-reaction pairs.
• SC.912.P12.3 – Interpret and apply
Newton’s three laws of motion

p. 130
 Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

Newton’s Second Law

• Net force is proportional to mass and

acceleration
• The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force
acting on the object and inversely
proportional to the object’s mass
• Net force = Mass x Acceleration
• ∑F = ma
p. 131
 Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

Practice C #1

The net force on the

propeller of a 3.2 kg model
airplane is 7.0 N forward.
What is the acceleration of
the airplane?

p. 132
 Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

Practice C #4

A soccer ball kicked with

a force of 13.5 N
accelerates at 6.5 m/s 2

to the right. What is the

mass of the ball?
p. 132
 Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

Practice C #5

A 2.0 kg otter starts from rest

at the top of a muddy incline
85 cm long and slides down to
the bottom in 0.50 s. What
net force acts on the otter
along the incline?
p. 132
 Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

Homework

Pg 132 #2, 3
Pg 147-149 #19, 20, 21, 22, 41, 42, 43, 44

p. 132
 Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

Newton’s Third Law

• Forces always exist in pairs

• “For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.”
• If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force
exerted on object 1 by object 2 is equal to the
magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted
on object 2 by object 1, and these two forces are
opposite in direction
• The action and reaction forces each act on different
objects

p. 133
 Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

Section Review #3

Identify the action-reaction pairs in the

following situations:
a) A person takes a step
b) A snowball hits someone in the back
c) A baseball player catches a ball
d) A gust of wind strikes a window

p. 134
 Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws

Section Review #2

A child causes a wagon to

accelerate by pulling it with a
horizontal force. Newton’s Third
Law says that the wagon exerts
an equal and opposite force on
the child. How can the wagon
accelerate?
https://gb.browardschools.com/Pinnacle/Gradebook/Gradebook/Gradebook.aspx
p. 134
 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Section 4 Objectives

• Explain the difference between mass and

weight.
• Find the direction and magnitude of
normal forces.
• Describe air resistance as a form of
friction.
• Use coefficients of friction to calculate
frictional force.
• SC.912.P10.10 – Compare the magnitude
and range of the four fundamental forces
p. 135
 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Weight and the Normal Force

• Weight = the gravitational force

exerted by an astronomical body on
an object near the surface of that
body (e.g., on the Earth’s surface)
• Fg = W = mg
• Normal Force = the perpendicular
force exerted by a surface on an
object on the surface
p. 135
 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Friction

• Friction generally opposes an applied force

• Static friction = frictional force that prevents an object
at rest from moving
• Kinetic friction = frictional force on an object in motion
• Kinetic friction is less than static friction
• It is more difficult to start the object moving than to keep
it moving afterwards
• The frictional force is proportional to the normal force
• Coefficient of friction = ratio of the frictional force to
the normal force
• Air resistance is a form of kinetic friction
p. 136
 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Friction

Figure 4.5, p. 137

 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Equations of Friction

• Coefficient of friction 𝝁 = f / N
• Coefficient of friction = ratio of the frictional force to the normal force
• f = 𝝁N
• The frictional force is proportional to the normal force
• More specifically,
• fs = 𝝁sN
• fk = 𝝁kN
• In simple problems, N = Fg = mg, in which case
• f = 𝝁mg

p. 138
 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Coefficients of Friction

Figure 4.7, p. 138

 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Practice D #2

A 25 kg chair initially at rest on a

horizontal floor requires a 165 N
horizontal force to set it in motion with a
constant velocity. Once the chair is in
motion, a 127 N horizontal force keeps it
moving at a constant velocity. Find the
coefficients of static friction and kinetic
friction between the chair and the floor.

p. 139
 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Practice E #1 – Modified Version 1

A physics student pulls on a rope

attached to a box of books and
moves the box down the hall. The
student pulls with a force of 185 N
horizontally. The box has a mass of
35.0 kg. Find the acceleration of the
box.

p. 141
 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Practice E #1 – Modified Version 2 (with Friction)

The same physics student pulls on a

rope attached to a box of books and
moves the box down the hall. The
student pulls with a horizontal force
of 185 N. The box has a mass of
35.0 kg and 𝝁k between the box and
the floor is 0.27. Find the
acceleration of the box.
p. 141
 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Practice E #1 – Modified Version 3 (with Friction and an Angle)

The same physics student pulls on a

rope attached to a box of books and
moves the box down the hall. The
student pulls with a force of 185 N at
an angle of 25.0° above the
horizontal. The box has a mass of
35.0 kg and 𝝁k between the box and
the floor is 0.27. Find the
acceleration of the box. p. 141
 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Practice E #3

A 75 kg box slides down a

ramp that makes an angle
of 25.0° with the horizontal,
with an acceleration of 3.60
m/s2. Find 𝝁k between the
box and the ramp.
p. 141
 Section 4 Everyday Forces

homework

Pg 139 #1,3 pg 141 #1,2

Pg 148#24,35, 36, 37,38, 39, 47, 50, 52

p. 139
 Additional Practice

• Mixed Review #45, #46, #48, #51, #53, #54

• Standardized Test Prep #1 – #8