21 Century

st

Philippine Literature
“The history of a nation can be
learned in its laws, and its
political statements. But to know
the history of a nation’s spirit,
you must read its literature.”
-Croghan, 1977
Why study Philippine Literature?

• To trace our rich heritage of ideas and

handed down to us from our forefathers
• For appreciation of our heritage.
• To understand that we have noble traditions
which can serve as the means to assimilate
other cultures.
 Evolution of Philippine
Literature
• The Early Period - 1900 to 1930
• The Middle Period - 1930 to 1960
• The Modern Period - 1960 to 1974
• Contemporary Period - 1974 to present
 Historical Background
The Filipino Revolutionists won against
the Spaniards who colonized us for more
than 300 years. Our flag was hoisted on
June 12, 1898 as a symbol of our
independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was
elected the first President of the Philippine
Republic but this was short-lived.
The peace movements started as
early as 1900. Many Filipinos started writing
again and the nationalism of the people
remained undaunted.
 Filipino writers went into all forms
of literature like news, reporting, poetry,
stories, plays, essays, and novels. Their
writings clearly depicted their love of
country and their longings for
independence.
 The active arousal in the field of
literature started to be felt in the following
newspapers.

1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day).

Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1900. The
American censors twice banned this and
threatened Osmeña with banishment
because of his nationalistic writings.
2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the
Nation). Established by Pascual Poblete
in 1900.
3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth).
Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901.
There were also plays written then but after the
first and second presentations, the Americans
put a stop to this because of the consistent
theme of nationalism. Included here were
the following:

1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS (Yesterday,

Today and Tomorrow).
2. TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Abad.
3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio.
4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Reyes.
 A. Literature in Spanish
The inspiration of our Filipino writers in
Spanish was Rizal not only because of his being
a national leader but also because of his novels
NOLI and FILI. These two novels contained the
best qualities of a novel ever written, in English
or in Filipino. Those who were inspired to write
in praise of him were Cecilio Apostol, Fernando
Ma. Guerrero, Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe
and Claro M. Recto.
 CECILIO APOSTOL
Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicated to
Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes but his
poem dedicated to Rizal is considered the best poem
in praise of the hero of Bagumbayan.

FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO

It is believed that Fernando Ma. Guerrero
shared with Apostol the reign in the balagtasan in
Spanish during their time. He also dedicated a poem
to Rizal but he collected the best of his poems in a
book called CRISALIDAS, meaning, a kind of black,
wooly caterpillar
 JESUS BALMORI
Jesus Balmori is well-known for his pen name of Batikuling. He and
Manuel Bernabe participated in a debate on the topic – (Remembrance
and Forgetfulness). He was elected Poet Laureate in Spanish besting
Manuel Bernabe.
MANUEL BERNABE
Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poet and the fierceness of his nationalistic
spirit was unchanged in any topic he wrote about.
CLARO M. RECTO
In nobility of speech and theme, Claro M. Recto can compare with
the other writers of Spanish. He collected his poems in a book entitled
BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (Under The Coconut Trees).
Other Writers in Spanish

1. Adelina Guerrea was the first woman poet

in the Philippines who was good in Spanish.
She obtained the Zobel prize in her song El
Nido. (The Nest).
2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his
four books entitled Aromas de Ensueño
(Scents of Dreams).
3. Macario Adriatico wrote of a legend of
Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto (The
Place of Origin).
4. Epifanio de los Santos (known as Don
Panyong). He was a good leader and
biographer during the whole period of
Spanish literature.
5. Pedro Aunario wrote the Decalogo del
Proteccionismo.
B. Filipino Literature
FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisco Balagtas and
URBANA AT FELISA of Modesto de Castro became the
inspiration of the Tagalog writers.
Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three kinds of
Tagalog poets: They were:
1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso). These included Lope
K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro
Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Amado V.
Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay). Led by
Lope K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus,
Florentino Collantes, Patricio Mariano,
Carlos Garmaitan, and Amado V.
Hernandez.

3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng

Tanghalan). Led by Aurelio Tolentino,
Patricio Mariano, Severino Reyes, and
Tomas Remigio.
 In the realm of short stories that started
to appear in the column Pangsandaliang
Libangan (Short-time Leisure) and Dagli (Fast)
we find here the names of Lope K. Santos,
Patricio Mariano, and Rosauro Almario. In the
Liwayway Publications, we find Deogracias
Rosario, Teodoro Gener, and Cirio H.
Panganiban.

Noted novelists or biographers were

Valeriano Hernandez Peña, Lope K. Santos, Iñigo
Ed. Regalado, Faustino Aguilar, etc.
 LOPE K. SANTOS
Lope K. Santos, a novelist, poet and
author, and grammarian covered three periods
of Tagalog literature – American, Japanese and
the contemporary period. If Manuel L. Quezon
is called the Father of the National Language,
Lope K. Santos is called the Father of the
National Language Grammar. He was also
called the “Apo” of the Tagalog writers.
BANAAG AT SIKAT was his masterpiece.
 JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
Jose Corazon de Jesus is very popularly
known as Huseng Batute. He was also called
the Poet of Love in his time. ANG ISANG
PUNONG KAHOY (A TREE), an elegy, is
believed to be his masterpiece.
 AMADO V. HERNANDEZ

Amado V. Hernandez was dubbed

Makata ng mga Manggagawa (Poet of the
Laborers) in our literature because he
pictures in his poem the intense love for the
poor worker or laborer. To him, a poem is a
scent, bittersweet memories, and a murmur
of flowing water. The pen is powerful and
according to him, even a king can be bent by
the pen.
 VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PEÑA

Together with Lope K. Santos he reached

the summit of his novel-writing. He was
known as Tandang Anong and his pen name
was Kuntil Butil (Small Grain). He considers
NENA AT NENENG his masterpiece.
 IÑIGO ED. REGALADO

Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of a

popular writer during the Spanish time
known as Odalger. He proved that he not
only followed the footsteps of his father but
also reached the peak of his success by the
“sumpong” (whim) of his pen. He also
became a popular story-teller, novelist and
newspaperman.
 The Tagalog Drama

During the advent of the American period,

Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan
started the movement against the moro-
moro ( a play on the Spanish struggles
against the Muslims) and struggled to
show the people the values one can get
from the zarzuela and the simple plays.
The people one should not forget in the field of writing are the
following:
1. Severino Reyes. Father of the Tagalog drama and author
of the immortal WALANG SUGAT.
2. Aurelio Tolentino. The dramatist in whom the
Kapampangans take pride. Included in his writings were
LUHANG TAGALOG, his masterpiece, and KAHAPON,
NGAYONG AT BUKAS that resulted in his incarceration.
3. Hermogenes Ilagan. Founded the group
Campaña Ilagan that presented many dramas
in Central Luzon.

4. Patricio Mariano. Wrote the novel NINAY

and ANAK NG DAGAT (Son of the Sea), his
masterpiece.

5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda. Wrote BUNGANGA

NG PATING (Shark’s Mouth). This gave him
much honor and fame.
 The Tagalog Short Story
Two collections of Tagalog stories were published during the
American Period. First was the MGA KUWENTONG GINTO (Golden
Stories) published in 1936 and %) KUWENTONG GINTO ng 50 BATIKANG
KUWENTISTA (50 Golden Stories by 50 Noted Storytellers) in 1939. The
first was written by Alejandro Abadilla and Clodualdo del Mundo that
contained the 25 best stories according to them.
The second was written by Pedrito Reyes. PAROLANG GINTO
(Golden Lantern) and TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) of Abadilla became
popular during this period.
The following are those recognized in the field of
Ilocano Literature:
1. Pedro Bukaneg. Father of Ilocano Literature.
From his name was derived the word Bukanegan,
which means Balagtasan (a poetic contest) in
Ilocano.
2. Claro Caluya. Prince of Ilocano Poets. Known
as poet and novelist.
3. Leon Pichay. Known as the best Bukanegero
(from Bukaneg). Also a poet, novelist, short story
writer, dramatist and essayist.
 Literature of the Kapampangans
Two stalwarts in the literature of the Kapampangans
stand out: they are:

1. Juan Crisostomo Soto. (Father of Kapampangan

Literature). The word CRISOTAN (meaning
Balagtasan) in Tagalog is taken from his name.

2. Aurelio Tolentino. He truly proved his being a

Kaampangan in his translation of KAHAPON, NGAYON
AT BUKAS into Kapampangan which he called NAPON,
NGENI AT BUKAS.
 Visayan Literature

The following are the top men in Visayan

literature:

1. Eriberto Gumban. (Father of Visayan

Literature). He wrote a zarzuela, moro-
moro and a play in Visayan.

2. Magdalena Jalandoni. She devoted

her talent to the novel. She wrote ANG
MGA TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC.
 Contemporary Period
(Themes have been changed from sentimentalized romanticism to a more
realistic and natural delineation)

Characteristics:
• Controversial choice of Subject Matter
• Very innovative in structure and style
• Influence of different –isms and literary trends from
the West
• Characters, plot structure and narrative techniques
are more complex.
LITERARY
GENRES
 Illustrated Novels
• Generally, 50% of the narrative is
presented without words.
• The reader must interpret the images in
order to comprehend the complete story.
• Textual portions are presented in
traditional form.
• Some illustrated novels may contain no
text at all.
• lllustrated novels span all genres.
Illustrated Novels
images
 Illustrated Novels
Trese 5: Midnight Tribunal
by Ferdinand Benedict G. Tan and Jonathan A. Baldisimo

In a city where aswang controls everything that is illegal and

where ancient Gods seek to control everything else, enforcing the law can
be a very difficult task. When time takes a turn for the weird, the police
normally call Alexandra Trese. Lately, it seems like others have been taking
that call. A mysterious racer has been breaking the speed limit, running
after and capturing criminals. A masked giant has been demolishing drug
dens and breaking up gangs. Trese must confront these supernatural crime-
fighters and bring order back to the city, before the underworld attempts to
seek balance in its own way.
Illustrated Novels
 Illustrated Novels
Zsazsa Zaturnnah
by Carlo Vergara

On May 25, 2008, author Carlo Vergara released the first

six pages of the Zaturnnah sequel entitled Zsazsa Zaturnnah sa
Kalakhang Maynila (Zsazsa Zaturnnah in Metro Manila, chronicles Ada
and Dodong’s stay in Manila the first of three parts of the Zaturnnah
sequel was eventually published and released on January 25, 2012.
 Graphic Novel
Narrative in comic book format

• Graphic novel is a narrative work in which the story

is conveyed to the reader using comic form.
• The term is employed in a broad manner,
encompassing non-fiction works and thematically
linked short stories as well as fictional stories across
a number of genres.
Graphic Novel

Halina Filipina
An example of a graphic novel
written by Arnold Arre
 Doodle Fiction
Hand scribed fonts and images

• A literary presentation where the author

incorporates doodle drawings and hand
written graphics in place of traditional font.
• Drawings enhance the story, often adding
humorous elements that would be missing if
the illustrations were omitted.
 Doodle Fiction
Hand scribed fonts and images

ANG PANLIMANG ALAS AY NAKABAON

SA IYONG DIBDIB
by Allan Navarra
Contemporary Writers
(1970- Present)
Contemporary Writers
(1970- Present)

• Dean Francis Alfar

a Filipino playwright, novelist and writer
of speculative fiction. His plays have been
performed in venues across the country, while his
articles and fiction have been published both in his
native Philippines and abroad, such as in Strange
Horizons, Rabid Transit, The Year's Best Fantasy and
Horror and the Exotic Gothic series
Contemporary Writers
(1970- Present)

• Genoveva Edroza-Matute
was a renowned
Filipino author. In 1951, she was the
recipient of the first ever Palanca Award
for Short Story in Filipino, for her short
story "Kuwento ni Mabuti", which has
been cited as the most anthologized
Tagalog language short-story.
Contemporary Writers
(1970- Present)

• Francisco Sionil Jose

is one of the most widely
read Filipino writers in the English
language. His novels and short
stories depict the social underpinnings of
class struggles and colonialism in
Filipino society.

Famous Work: Gagamba

Contemporary Writers
(1970- Present)

• Alfred Yuson
His bibliography includes the
poetry collections: Sea Serpent, (1980), Trading in
Mermaids (1993), Mothers Like
Elephants (2000), Hairtrigger Loves: 50 Poems on
Woman (2002), and the translation, Love's A
Vice / Bisyo and Pag-Ibig: Translations into
English of 60 Poems by Mike L. Bigornia (2004).
Contemporary Writers
(1970- Present)

Paolo Manalo is a Filipino poet who teaches

at the College of Arts and Letters, University of the
Philippines. For a time he served as the literary
editor of the Philippines Free Press.
Jolography, his first book of poems, received
the 1st prize in poetry from the 2002 Palanca
Awards and the 2004 U.P. Gawad Chancellor Para
sa Natatanging Likha ng Sining (Outstanding
Literary Work).
BOWL LIMN YEAH
Paolo Manalo
1 See cell yeah, who bought
2 Who bad, sew cat cut
3 A one, mass a rough

4 He mass in. Moo

5 Comma put la, seek
6 Moo rah mass socket

7 The hill doom ooh do

8 Wall doom ooh do wall
9 Pay roe Hindi boon tease
BULIMIA (translation)
Si Celia, hubo’t
Hubad, suka’t kat-
Awan, masarap

Himasin mo
Ko maputla, sik-
Mura masaket
Dahil dumudu-
Wal dumuduwal
Pero hindi buntis.