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Lesson 2 1 Electromagnetic Waves Autosaved

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views24 pages

Lesson 2 1 Electromagnetic Waves Autosaved

Uploaded by

Nadine Faigao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit II Force, energy and

motion

LESSON 2.1

Electromag
netic Waves
Electromagnetic
waves

What are
EM waves?
history

Michael Faraday
1791-1867
• Father of Electricity
• He experimented how a changing magnetic
field can induce current.
• He believed that electromagnetic (EM) waves
are propagated by both electric and magnetic
fields.
history

James Clerk
1831-1879
Maxwell
• Scottish physicist
• He based his research largely in Faraday’s
speculation.
• He produced the mathematical equations that
relate how electric and magnetic fields can link
together to form an electromagnetic field.
Electromagnetic
waves

EM waves
• Electromagnetic waves (EM waves for
short) are waves that can travel in a
vacuum.
• These waves are created by the
vibration of an electric charge.
Electromagnetic
waves

Electromagnetic
spectrum
• It covers a broad range of EM waves
which are arrange according to
wavelength, frequency, and energy.
Different Types of EM Waves, and
their Wavelengths, Frequencies and
WAVE Energies
WAVELENGTH (m) FREQUENCY (Hz) ENERGY (eV)
Radio wave 102 106 10-9
TV wave 1 108 10-7
Microwave 10-2 1010 10-5
Infrared 10-5 1013 10-2
Visible light 10-7 1015 1
Ultraviolet 10-8 1016 10
X-ray 10-10 1018 103
Gamma ray 10-13 1021 106
Frequency of
waves 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆
𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆, 𝒇 =
𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

The unit for frequency is per second (s-1) or Hertz (Hz), named after Heinrich Hertz
(1857-1894), a German physicist who discovered the existence of electromagnetic waves
which was first proven by Maxwell.
The time it takes a wave to pass a given point is called the period (T) which is expressed
as:

Period, T

The motion of a wave can also be described based on its speed. The relationship between
the speed of the wave and its frequency is given by the equation:

Wave speed, v = Wavelength,


v
Sample
Problem
A wave has a frequency of 50 Hz and a wavelength of 10 m. What is the
speed of the wave?

Solution:
f
Given:
¿ ( 10 𝑚 ) ( 50 𝐻𝑧 )
¿ 500 𝑚/ 𝑠
Sample
Problem
A radio wave has a frequency of 1×10 Hz. What is its wavelength?
6

Solution: 𝑣
Given: 𝜆=
𝑓
6
Hz 3 𝑥 10 8 m / s
8
m/s ¿
1 x 10 6 𝑠 −1
¿ 300 𝑚
Sample
Problem
A wave has a wavelength 3.40 m. take the speed of sound as 343 m/s.
calculate the frequency of the wave.

Solution:
Given:
343 𝑚/ 𝑠
¿
3.40 𝑚
or
-1

Hz
Try it out!
A. Solve the following problems on a piece of paper.

1. What is the speed of a wave that has a frequency of 1000 Hz and a


wavelength of 150 m?
2. What is the frequency of a wave that has a wavelength of 50 m and a
speed of 2 500 m/s?
3. A certain FM radio station broadcasts electromagnetic waves at a
frequency of 9.05×107Hz. These radio waves travel at a speed of
3×108m/s. What is the wavelength of these radio waves?
Try it out!
B. Compute the frequency of the following electromagnetic waves.

Wavelength (m) Frequency (Hz)


1 x 102 _________
1 _________
1 x 10-2 _________
3 x 10-5 _________
1 x 10-7 _________
3 x 10-8 _________
1 x 10-10 _________
1 x 10-13 _________
Electromagnetic
waves

Applications of
electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
RADIO INFRARED GAMMA
RAYS ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
WAVES RAYS
MICROWAVES VISIBLE LIGHT X-RAYS
RADIO
WAVES
• longest wavelengths but with the lowest
frequencies
• transmit information such as in television.
Sounds and images from broadcasting
stations are transmitted to TV screens
through radio waves. The antenna receives
the radio waves from the TV stations and
coverts them back to sounds and images
you see on your TV screens.
• They are also used in radios and cellular
phones
MICROWA
VES
• microwaves have short wavelengths; the microwave
signals can travel in straight lines without losing much
of their energy.

• They are produced by a special vacuum tubes called


cavity magnetrons.
• They are commonly used in wireless communications,
navigation, and radar applications such as tracking
weather disturbances, aircraft and ship.
infrared
• Discovered by Sir William Herschel.
• It is an electromagnetic radiation that
occupies the region between microwaves and
visible light.
• The word ‘’infra’’ means ‘’beyond’’, which
implies that infrared consists of waves just
beyond the red end of the spectrum.
• Several wireless data transfer between
devices such as laptop computers and remote
control.
Visible
Light
• Visible light is the most familiar EM radiation that can
be detected by the human eye, and it is responsible for
the functioning of our sense of sight.

• Specialized cells in the eye called rods and cones are


very sensitive to EM waves in this narrow band of
frequencies.
• These cells transmit electrical signals to the brain,
which form the mental image
Ultraviolet
rays
• Discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter.
• UV is also part of heat radiation emitted by hot
objects such as the sun- Earth’s main source of
UV radiation.
• The radiation from the sun stimulates our body
to produce Vitamin D which is needed for
healthier bones. When expose to UV, it does not
warm the skin but increases the chemical
process that results in tanning or sunburns.
• Also, certain markings on paper bill will be
visible only when expose to UV light.
• Paints and dyes work in the same manner
X-rays
• discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) in
1901,
• are waves shorter than ultraviolet waves.
• They are produced when high-energy electrons lose energy
after striking a metal target.
• They are commonly used in the field of medicine.
Gamma
rays
• Gamma rays, discovered by Paul Ulrich Villard
(1860-1934), have the shortest wavelength in the EM
spectrum.

• the highest energy among all the EM waves.


• These are the waves produced when undergo
radioactive decay. These waves are also emitted by
radioactive nuclei through nuclear reactions.
• They are more deeply penetrating than x-rays.
summary

Common properties of EM

waves
All transverse waves
• All travel at the speed of light. (3 x 10 8 m/s)
• Can travel through solid, liquid, gas and vacuum
• Obey the laws of reflection and refraction; all can be absorbed and emitted by matter; the wave
equation is applicable to all.

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