Evolution of Wireless

Communication System
(1G,2G,3G,4G & 5G)
By
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Soni
(Professor, ECE)

Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology

Gorakhpur, UP
Outline of the presentation

•Evolution of Wireless Technology.

•MIMO Technology
• FDD and TDD in LTE
• Cognitive Radio
• Brief Introduction of 5G
• Brief description of “How to achieve data rate 1000 time”
•Device-to-Device Communication
•Massive MIMO.
•Millimeter Wave.
 Specific Challenges of 5G System [Medbo
2014]
• “Amazingly fast” to reflect the very high data rate challenge.

• “Great service in a crowd” to address the challenge of very

dense crowds of users.

• “Ubiquitous things communicating” to represent very low

energy, cost, and a massive number of devices challenge.

• “Best experience follows you” to address the mobility

challenge.

• “Super real-time and reliable connections” to set the very low

latency challenge.
A General Heterogeneous 5G Network
structure
 Technical aim of 5G
the overall technical aim is to provide a system idea that
supports [21]:

• 1000 times increased data volume per area

• 10 to 100 times increased number of connected devices

• 10 to 100 times increased typical user data rate

• 10 times extended battery life for low power Massive

Machine Communication (MMC) devices

• 5 times reduced End-to-End (E2E) latency

Evolution of Wireless Technology
2015 2021
More robust and energy efficient
MIMO Technology: 100 Antennas
 Brief Journey
First Generation (1 G) Mobile System

•Announced in initial 1980’s.

•Data rate 2.4 kbps

•Major subscribers: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone

Service),
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony).
• Analog Mobile Phone System

•AMPS developed by Bell Labs and later modified jointly by

Bell Lab and Motorola.
Officially announced on October 13, 1983.

•Disad: reckless handoff, no security etc.

Two Major Problems with 1 G

•Use of Analog Signa: More susceptible to noise

thus poor quality of received voice.

•Use of FDMA leading to inefficient use of

Spectrum
Second Generation Mobile System (2G):

Introduced in late 1990’s, eminent technologies: GSM,IS-95,

CDMA, Data rate: 64 kbps.
2G was commercially launched on GSM standard in Finland by
Radiolinja (GSM Operator) in 1991.
Benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors
•Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between
the mobile phone and the cellular base station but not
necessarily in the rest of the network.
•Significantly more efficient use of the radio frequency
spectrum enabling more users per frequency band.
•Data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.
GSM Architecture
 GSM/ GPRS
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) also known
as 2.5G differs from 2 G in the following:

1.In GPRS, Billing is done based on total volume

of data (rather packets) transferred viz-a-viz GSM
where billing is done per minutes where circuit link
I engaged.
2.In GPRS, BW allocation is dynamic in the sense
that more volume of packet data is given more BW
and less volume of data is given smaller BW.
(Efficient use of BW lead to higher data rate of 56–
114 kbit/sec)
 GSM/GPRS Architecture…
• GPRS and GSM can function happily together on
the same network
• When Voice service is required, then, GSM
network will be chosen and for data, GPRS
network is chosen.

• SGSN: Serving GPRS Supporting Node

• GGSN: Gateway GPRS Supporting Node
• PCU: Packet control Unit (to route the data to
GPRS network and voice to GSM network)
• GMSC: Gateway MSC
• EIR: Equipment Identity Register
• AUC: Authentication Centre
 GSM/GPRS Architecture…
• The Packet Control Unit (PCU) is a router that is
either a separate hardware unit or (more
commonly) an integral part of the base station
controller hardware.
• PCU is to route circuit-switched (GSM) data to the
GSM network, and packet-switched (GPRS) data to
the GPRS network.
• Function of SGSN: Packet Routing and transfer,
Authentication, Charging/Billing
 Difference Between GPRS and EDGE (Enhance Data
Rate for GSM Evolution) System

Architecture-wise, GPRS and EDGE system both are

exactly same. They differ in the following
GPRS EDGE

Modulation GMSK GMSK & 8-PSK

Symbol Rate 270 ksym/s 270 ksym/s

Modulation Bit Rate 270 kbps 810 kbps

Radio Data Rate/time slot 22.8 kbps 69.2 kbps

User Data rate/time slot 20 kbps (CS-4) 59.2 kbps (MCS-9)

User Data rate (8 time 160 kbps 473.6 kbps

slots)
 Difference Between GPRS and
EDGE System…

• GPRS is the short form of General Packet Radio Service

and EDGE is the short form of Enhanced Data rates for
GSM Evolution.
• GPRS supports data rate up to 115kbps while EDGE
supports data rate upto 384 kbps approx. To support
higher data rate EDGE adopts higher modulation
schemes such as 8-PSK.
 Difference Between GPRS and EDGE System…

• GPRS supports CS1,CS2,CS3,CS4 modulation-coding

schemes which are GMSK based. EDGE supports MCS1
to MCS9, in these MCS1 to MCS4 supports GMSK and
MCS5 to MCS9 supports 8-PSK.
• EDGE can retransmit a packet with more robust coding
scheme.
• In EDGE packets are addressed up to 2048 and window
size to 1024 while GPRS packets were numbered from 1 to
128 and addressing window size was 64
Third Generation Mobile System (3G):

•Established in late 2000.

• Data rate: 2Mbps
•Services based on IP
•QoS significantly improved

•Disadvantage: More battery power consumed,

network plan more expensive.
•Some technologies: WCDMA,UMTS, CDMA
2000
4G:
•LTE advanced and WiMAX as 4G technologies
•Offers complete solution based on IP
•Voice, data, multimedia offered every time and
everywhere.

5G:
•Some prominent technologies: Massive MIMO,
D2D, Millimeter wave communication.

•Six Challenges: higher capacity, High data rate,

end-to-end latency, larger battery life, massive
device connectivity, consistent QoE (Quality of
Experience).
Comparison: 1G,2G,3G and 4G
Telecom Companies Developing 4G

•NTT DoCoMo (JAPAN)

•DIGIWEB (IRELAND)
•SPRINT (CHICAGO)
•VERIZON WIRELESS
•VODAFONE GROUP
•AMERICAN WIRELESS PROVIDER CLEARWIRE
etc.,
 2G (GSM) Architecture: Global System of
Mobile

GSM 900 MHz and GSM 1800 MHz in

India
Role of Hardware:
BTS: Encrypt, encode, modulate, frequency hopping
BSC: Manages radio resources, handles call set up, handovers, radio power
control.
HLR: IMSI, MSISDN, supplementary services, subscriber status,authentication
key.
• MS: When Mobile Equipment is used with SIM, the whole
entity is known as Mobile Station.

• HLR: Home Location Register: It stores all the details of

subscribers who subscribe the service. E.g if 20 lacs
customers have taken the service of Airtell in Gorakhpur
zone, then the details of all 20 lacs will be stored in this
HLR.

• VLR: This stores the details of all the customers who have
visited the place. E.g. if 5000 persons have visited the
Gorakhpur, then, VLR will store the details of all 5000
persons.
VLR also stores the current locations of all
home subscribers and visitor subscribers.

Q: Suppose a person A who has registered in GKP

(home location ) but is going to Delhi. If another
person B in Gorakhpur calls a person A who is in
delhi, then how does the Network in GKP know that
the person A is in Delhi ?

A: The Home location network keeps tracking the

person A and keeps updating the current location of
person A.
• GMSC: Gateway MSC: This is the stage between
MSC and outside worlds (such as PSTN, other
mobile networks of same servive provider or other
service providers etc.)

• If a person wants to connect to other networks (i.e.

network with other MSC), or network with different
service provider or PSTN, then the call has to be
routed through GMSC.
GMSC ensures that the call be connected to desired
destination.
Example: if a student of ECE in DTU wants to meet
a student of ECE in NSUT, then, he will have to go
through DTU gate to meet the student. Thus, DTU
gate works as a Gateway.
But if the student has to meet a student of other
department of same University (DTU), then, he does
not need to go to DTU Gate.
AUC: Authentication Centre:
•This is responsible for authenticating the
subscriber once it enters the network.
•It authenticates the subscriber based on its identity
stored in AUC unit and certain algorithm.
EIR: Equipment Identity Register: This has three list of
mobile users:
-White List: This stores the list of all the authentic Subscribers
who have followed the prescribed procedures to purchase the
Mobile Unit and SIM.
-Gray List: This stores the list of those Mobile Units which
have either been stolen or missing and about them, a complaint
has been filed in Police Station. These phones are allowed to
access the network but they are under vigilance by service
provider.
-Black List: Those mobiles which have been lost and a request
for blocking such mobile has been made to service provider.
 Home Location Register (HLR)

• The Home Location Register is a database from a

mobile network in which information from all
mobile subscribers is stored.
• The HLR contains information about the
subscribers identity, his telephone number, the
associated services and general information
about the location of the subscriber.
The primary data stored in an HLR includes:
•IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity.
•IMSI: MCC + MNC + MSIN: International mobile
subscriber identity.
•LAI: MCC + MNC+ LAC: Location area identity. ...
•MSISDN: Mobile Station International Subscriber
Directory Number: It is simply Mobile Phone number
including country Code.
•MSRN: Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number.
•VLR address.
Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN)

• The Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN)

is a temporarily telephone number assigned to
a mobile station which roams into another
numbering area.

• This number is needed by the home network to

forward incoming calls for the mobile station to the
network it visits.
• When a subscriber goes away from home location
(or one MSC) to another Network/Different MSC of
same network etc, thn MSRN number is assigned
to it.

• Against this number, the status of Mobile is

updated.

• This number is needed by the home network to

forward incoming calls for the mobile station to
the network it visits.
GSM interface Description with position
It is the air interface used between MS and
BTS.It carries the GSM bursts carrying data
Um
and control information. Also referred as Air
interface.
It is used between BSC and MSC/VLR. It
A or Asub supports 2Mbps standard digital connection
as per CCITT.
It is used between BTS and BSC. It supports
two types of communication links viz. traffic
Abis
channel at 64 kbps and signaling channel at
16 kbps.
B It is used between MSC and VLR.
It is used between HLR and GMSC. Also
C
between MSC and HLR.
D It is used between HLR and VLR.
It is used between MSC and another MSC or
E
G-MSC.
It is used between EIR and MSC and
F
between EIR and G-MSC.
G It is used between VLR and another VLR.
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
When a roaming user enters an MSC area, the MSC informs
the associated VLR about the UE; the UE goes through a
registration procedure that includes the following steps:

•The VLR recognizes that the UE is from another network.

•If roaming is allowed, the VLR finds the UE's HLR in its
home network.
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)…
•The VLR constructs a global title from the IMSI to allow
signaling from the VLR to the UE's HLR via the
PSTN/ISDN networks.

•The VLR generates a mobile subscriber roaming number

(MSRN) that is used to route incoming calls to the UE.

•The MSRN is sent to the UE's HLR.

3G Architecture: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)

RNC: Radio Network Controller

SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
UTRAN: Universal terrestrial Radio Access Network
CG: Charging Gateway
BG: Border Gateway
MGW: Media Gateway
Iu-Cs: Interface (Iu) Circuit Switching
Iu-Ps: (Interface) Iu Packet Switching
Iur: Interface between RNC networks
 Role of Hardware:
•BG (Border Gateway): When you are using your
Internet while moving from one n/w to another n/w, it
is the BG which connects you from GGSN of one
n/w to GGSN of another n/w.

•MGW (Media Gateway): To provide traffic channel

to user
•MSC : To provide all other activity such as
authentication, status of channel (whether channel is
free or not etc, billing condition of user)

•SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node ): Routing,

Billing, Authentication, location.
• GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): Protocol
Conversion, routing the packet to desired destination (such
as facebook server, youtube server, or some other site),
current SGSN location.

• One RNC can talk to another RNC directly unlike in 2G

where one BSc can talk to another BSc only through MSc.

• Channel BW: 5MHz (effective 3.84 MHz) , Frequency band:

2100MHz, 1800 MHz
UE: User Equipment, eNodeB: Evolved NodeB
E-UTRAN: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network
MME: Mobility management entity, PDN: Packet Data Network
HSS: Home Subscriber Service (just like HLR in 2G)
PCRF: Policy and Charging Rule function, IMS: IP Multimedia
Core Network Subsystem
 Important Parameters of 4G

• Variable BW: 1.4 MHz,3MHz,5MHz,10 MHz, 15

MHz, 20 MHz
• Frequency band: 2-8 GHz
• Speed: 300 Mbps (DL), 75Mbps (UL)
• Multiple Access Techniques: SC-FDMA (UL),
OFDMA (DL)
• Modulation Techniques: 64 QAM, 256 QAM
Role of different hardware
•eNodeB: Radio resource management

•MME: Paging, Authentication, handover, Select-

SGW (Note: there may be a number of SGW in a
given network)

•SGW: Routing and forwarding user data packet

•PDN Gateway: IP Allocation to UE to access internet

etc.
Role of PCRF (Policy and Charging Rule
function)

•Observing data rate consumption and billing

accordingly
•Ensuring QoS
Problem with Basic Wireless
System
A Possible Solution: MIMO System
Multiplexing
MIMO in LTE and WiFi
In Summary:

•MIMO is able to deliver reliable communication

and high Data rate.

•MIMO hardware upgrades and Antennas can be

expensive.

•MIMO will continue to be part of future wireless

communication.
 Difference between MIMO and Diversity techniques
MIMO increases data rate whereas diversity improves reliability

Data stream-1
Tx-1 Tx-1
Data stream-1

DSP

Data stream-2 Data stream-2

Tx-1 Tx-1

Tx-1
Data stream
Tx-1
SC
Data stream

Tx-1
 Long term Evolution (4G Communication System)
Communication Mode:
FDD vs TDD
1.In LTE, how communication is established between BS and UE ?

2.How a telecom operator decides which mode i.e. FDD or TDD should be
used in communication ?

Duplexing

•Full Duplexing
•Half Duplexing
LTE Implementation
Decision factors for Telecom Operator to decides which mode i.e. FDD or
TDD to use
Decision factors whether to choose FDD or TDD
by Telecom Operator are

•Convenience

•Feasibility

•Requirement
LTE supports both FDD and TDD

Dark yellow colour: FDD Market

There has been increase in TDD market in US, China,
Australia, Middle East.
 5G Antenna
4G Antenna

4G to 5G
Beamforming
Beamforming: How does it work?
Thank you
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