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VAB2053 Introduction 1 Jan2008

Structural analysis involves predicting the performance of a structure under loads using structural analysis methods. The performance characteristics of interest include stresses, deflections, and support reactions. Structures can be determinate or indeterminate depending on the number of equilibrium equations.

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Omphemetse Zimbili
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25 views

VAB2053 Introduction 1 Jan2008

Structural analysis involves predicting the performance of a structure under loads using structural analysis methods. The performance characteristics of interest include stresses, deflections, and support reactions. Structures can be determinate or indeterminate depending on the number of equilibrium equations.

Uploaded by

Omphemetse Zimbili
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structural Analysis is the prediction of the

performance of a given structure under


prescribed loads and/or other external
effects, such as support movements and
temperature changes (Aslam Kassimali)

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Sultan Iskandar Bridge
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Sultan Ismail Bridge
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Yayasan Sabah Bridge
Satok Suspension Bridge
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Merdeka
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Bridge 6
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The performance characteristics commonly of interest in
the design of structures are:

1. Stresses or stress resultants such as axial forces,


shear forces and bending moments

2. Deflections or displacements

3. Support reactions

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Where,
σ F ΔL
E σ ε
ε A L
and,

A = cross-sectional area of the test coupon, mm 2


L = original length of the test coupon, mm
L = elongation of the test coupon, mm
F = applied force, N
 = strain
 = stress, N/mm2
py = yield stress, N/mm2
Us = tensile stress, N/mm2
’ = permanent strain of the material when it is loaded beyond yield
and the load is released
y = strain at yield
sh = strain at start of strain hardening
t = strain at maximum stress
E = elastic modulus, N/mm2

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Structural Analysis

prediction of the
performance of a given
structure under prescribed
loads and/or
other external effects
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The performance characteristics of
structures are:

• Stresses or stress resultants


- axial forces, shear forces
and bending moments

• Deflections or displacements

• Support reactions

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Load Conversion

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Line load on beam BE = 5 kN/m2 x 4 m = 20 kN/m
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Fundamental relationships in analysis

• Equilibrium conditions

- forces and moments.

• Compatibility conditions

- displacements and strains

• Force-deformation relations

- material property (modulus of elasticity E,


or yield strength) and
sectional properties (area, A and moment of inertia,20I)
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Principle of superposition:
combined effect of several loads
acting simultaneously is equal to the
algebraic sum of the effects of
each load acting individually

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For principle of superposition to be applicable the two
conditions below are necessary

1. small deformations theory


- the structure/member should undergo small
deformations, so that equilibrium conditions
can be applied to the undeformed structure

2. linear elastic theory


- the structure must be composed of linearly elastic
material

i.e.should obey Hooke’s Law


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Determinate and Indeterminate Structures

Determinate structures can be solved using only the


applicable equations of equilibrium and equations of
conditions.

Indeterminate structures are those that are not


determinate,

the number of unknown in excess of the applicable


equations of equilibrium is called the degree of
indeterminacy of the structure

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Static Indeterminacy

1. Externally indeterminate – the number of unknown


support reactions is greater than the number of
independent equations of equilibrium and conditions

2. Internally indeterminate – the number of unknown


member forces is greater than the number of equations
of equilibrium (this concern trusses)

Kinematic Indeterminacy
- the number of unknown displacements at the connection
or joint of a structure.
- - It is usually known as degree of freedom
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Statically indeterminate structures
Advantages:
1. Smaller stresses
2. Smaller deflections
3. Redundancies

Disdavantages:
1. Support settlements can cause stresses on the structure

2. Temperature changes
3. Fabrication errors
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Instability
– large displacements/deformation leading to collapse of
the structure

1. external instability – the reactions are not sufficient to


prevent motion in a particular direction

2. internal instability – the structure cannot maintain its


shape when detached from the support.

All structures, whether determinate or indeterminate


should be stable. It is a must that structures be
checked for stability.
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Methods of Analysis

1. Displacement method or equilibrium method

the unknown quantities are the displacements and the


equations are formulated using equilibrium conditions.

Examples are:
Slope Deflection Method
Moment Distribution Method
Matrix Stiffness method
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2. Force method or
method of consistent deformation method

- the unknown quantities are forces and the equations


are formulated by imposing compatibility conditions
(consistent deformation)

- Examples are:
Virtual work (unit load method)
Castilliagno’s 2nd Theorem
Matrix Flexibility method
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