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Rtfi Notes 4

This document discusses various types of artefacts that can appear on radiographic films and their causes. It covers mechanical, chemical and processing related artefacts such as crimp marks, static marks, screen artefacts, developer/fixer splashes, water marks, reticulation, frilling and light leakage. It also discusses artefacts caused by the object being radiographed, such as diffraction mottling and debris appearing on radiographs of pipes. Careful film handling and darkroom practices can help reduce processing artefacts, while proper beam filtration and inspection of cassettes can also help minimize other artefact types.

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Ajith Payyanur
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63 views

Rtfi Notes 4

This document discusses various types of artefacts that can appear on radiographic films and their causes. It covers mechanical, chemical and processing related artefacts such as crimp marks, static marks, screen artefacts, developer/fixer splashes, water marks, reticulation, frilling and light leakage. It also discusses artefacts caused by the object being radiographed, such as diffraction mottling and debris appearing on radiographs of pipes. Careful film handling and darkroom practices can help reduce processing artefacts, while proper beam filtration and inspection of cassettes can also help minimize other artefact types.

Uploaded by

Ajith Payyanur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Artefacts

PART 4
Artefacts
Artefact
• Indication with no relation to the material defect.
• Can interfere with the correct interpretation of the radiograph.
• Can be visible on viewer and/or in light reflection.
Artefact can be produced by:
• mechanical damage to the film
• chemical damage to the film
• damaged or dirty intensifying screens
• debris on the object.
Crimp marks
• Caused by poor film handling.
• Characteristic crescent-shaped images (like finger
nails).
• Crimping before exposure – light marks.
• Crimping after exposure (but before film processing) – dark
marks.
Static marks
• Plastic super-coat can accumulate a static charge if in friction with a suitable
surface.
• This may happen when film is unpacked from the box or unloaded from
cassette prior processing.
• A static electricity discharge will result in dark circular or treelike artefacts –
static marks.
• Static marks are not visible under reflected light.
• It can be avoided by careful film handling.
Screen Artefacts

Foreign objects between screen and film


• Usually hairs, dust and similar objects.
• The hair or dust will produce light radiographic image as
it blocks the secondary electrons from the lead screen.
Chemical Processing Artefacts
Developer splashes
• Appear as dark spots on the film (usually visible in reflected light).
• Indicate poor dark room practice.

Fixer splashes
• Appear as light spots on the film (usually visible in reflected light).
• Again – indicate poor dark room practice.
Fixer splashes
Water marks & water splashes
• Due to uneven film drying.
• Where a dry or partially dry film is wetted locally (by splashing or
by excess water running down from a film clip).
• Visible in both transmitted and reflected light.
• Effect can be reduced or eliminated by;
• use wetting agent.
Reticulation
• Damage to film emulsion.
• Appears as an orange peel-like mottling effect.
• Caused by temperature shock (sudden
change in temperature).
• May occur at any stage during the processing.
Frilling
• The film emulsion becomes detached from the base.
• The frilling affects mainly edges and corners of the film.
• This may be caused by significantly prolonged contact
of the film with the fixer bath (or any other liquid) at
too high temperature.
Artefacts Caused by Cassette
Light leakage into cassette
• Caused by damaged cassettes.
• Resulting artefact is dark and typically located in
corner of radiograph.
• Light leakage into cassettes shall be checked on a
regular basis.
Artefacts Caused by Object

Diffraction mottling
• May occur when X-rays are used to radiograph large grained
materials.
• Artefact is caused by beam diffraction on material crystals.
• Typical example is inspection of Inconel or some types of
stainless steel.
• Beam filtration may reduce or eliminate effect.
Debris inside of a pipe
• A foreign material may disturb interpretation (and must
be avoided).
• It may be formed by:
• deposits of foreign material
• corrosion products (in-service inspection)
• by slag (inspection during production).

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