WEEK 5

SCIENCE 9
MULTIPLE
ALLELES
THE HUMAN BLOOD
TYPES
Human Blood Types
Blood Types Genotypes

A IA IA , IA, i
B IB IB , IB, i
AB IA IB
O ii
 ANTIGEN

•Antigens are markers that tell your body

that something is foreign. Your immune
cells make antibodies to recognize and
destroy harmful antigens.
Human Blood Types
Blood Types Genotypes

A IA IA , IA, i
B IB IB , IB, i
AB IA IB
O ii
Human Blood Type

•The IA and IB alleles are dominant

over the I allele, which is always
recessive.
Human Blood Type

•However, when IA and IB alleles are

inherited together, both alleles are
expressed equally.
Human Blood Type

•This also make I and I

A B

codominants of each other.

WHAT IS YOUR
BLOOD TYPE?
DO YOU KNOW
YOUR BLOOD
TYPE?
 ACTIVITY – What’s your blood type?

• Objective:
-- Infer the unknown phenotypes of individuals
on the basis of the known phenotypes of their
family members.
PROCEDURE

1. Given the blood types of the

mother and the child, identify the
possible blood type of the father.
 Possible alleles from
Father
A B O
Possible A
alleles
B
from
Mother O
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:

•What blood type (or types) can be found

in an offspring if a mother has Type A
blood and the father has type B blood?
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:

•What blood type (or types) can be found

in an offspring if a mother has type AB
blood and the father has type A blood?
 GUIDE QUESTIONS:

•What blood type (or types) can be found

in an offspring if a mother has type O
blood and the father has type B blood?
KEY CONCEPTS:

• In humans, there are four blood types

(phenotypes): A, B, AB, O.
• Blood type is controlled by three alleles;
A, B, and O.
KEY CONCEPTS:

• O is recessive, two O alleles must be present for

a person to have type O blood.
• A and B are codominant. If a person receives an
A allele and a B allele, their blood type is AB.
SEX CHROMOSOMES
AND SEX
DETERMINATION
How many chromosomes
does human have?
 Chromosomes

Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.

Chromosomes are a threadlike structure of
nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus
of most living cells, carrying genetic
information in the form of genes.
How is sex determined
and inherited?
 SPERM CELL
EGG CELL (GAMETE) (GAMETE)
 BOY OR GIRL?
•Objective:
- Discuss how sex in
humans is determined.
 BOY OR GIRL?
• Draw a Punnett square which shows the
inheritance of the sex chromosomes.
Represent the female sex chromosomes with
XX and the male chromosomes with XY.
What will be the sex of the
child produced when an egg
is fertilized by a sperm that
has a Y chromosome?
What type of sperm must
fertilize an egg to result in
a female child?
Based on the Punnett
Square, what percent of
children would you
expect to be male?
Which sex chromosome is
present in both male and
female?
Infer which sex
chromosomes determine a
person’s sex.
KEY CONCEPTS

•Males have 44 body chromosomes

and two sex chromosomes X and Y.
The males determine the sex of their
children.
KEY CONCEPTS

• Females have 44 body chromosomes

and two sex chromosomes, both X.
The total number in each cell of an
individual is 46.
SEX-LINKED GENES

• Genes located on the X chromosomes are called X-

linked genes.
• Genes on the Y chromosomes are called
Y-linked genes.
 SEX-LINKED GENES

• An example of an X-linked trait in humans is

hemophilia.
• A persons suffering from hemophilia could die
from loss of blood even from a small wound.
 SEX-LINKED GENES

•Another example of an X-linekd trait

is color blindness.
 Genotypes and Phenotypes of color blindness in humans

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE
1. X X Normal female
2. X Xc Normal female, carrier of the gene
3. Xc Xc Color-blind female

4. XY Normal male
5. Xc Y Color-blind male
 WHEN GENDER MATTERS

Objective:
-- Solve problems related to sex-
linked traits.
 X
c
Y
X
c

X
 Xc
Y
X
c X X
c c
X Y c

X
X X
c
XY
GUIDE QUESTIONS

•What is the genotype of the

male?
GUIDE QUESTIONS

•What is the genotype of the

female?
GUIDE QUESTIONS

•What is the chance that the

child will be color-blind?
GUIDE QUESTIONS

• What is the chance that a

daughter will be color-
blind?
GUIDE QUESTIONS

•What is the chance that a

son will be color-blind?
 KEY CONCEPTS
• Sex-linked traits are inherited through the X
chromosomes.
• Males have only one X chromosomes. Thus, if they
inherit the affected X, they will have the disorder.
 KEY CONCEPTS
•Females have two X chromosomes.
Therefore, they can inherit/carry the
trait without being affected if it acts in
a recessive manner.
Have you seen a bald
man?
Have you seen a bald
woman?
SEX-LIMITED TRAITS

• Sex-limited traits are generally

autosomal, which means that they are not
found on the X or Y chromosomes.
SEX-LIMITED TRAITS

•Sex-limited traits are expressed in

only one gender.
SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS

•Sex-influenced traits are also

autosomal, it means that their genes
are not carried on to the sex
chromosomes.
SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS

• An example of sex-influenced
trait is pattern baldness in
humans.
Table 5. Expression of Pattern Baldness in Humans
Male Genotypes Male Phenotypes
XYBB Male bald
XYBb Male bald
XYbb Male nonbald
Female Genotypes Female Phenotypes
XXBB Female bald
XXBb Female nonbald
XXbb Female nonbald
GUIDE QUESTIONS

• Predict the genotypic and phenotypic

ratios in the offspring if the mother is bald
and the father is not bald. Perform a cross
using a Punnett Square.
GUIDE QUESTIONS

•In what way are sex-limited and

sex-influenced characters similar?
GUIDE QUESTIONS

•What is the main difference

between sex-limited and sex-
influenced traits?
 KEY CONCEPTS
• Sex-limited traits are those that are expressed
exclusively in one sex.
• Sex-influenced traits are expressed in both sexes
but more frequently in one than in the other sex.