WOLLO UNIVERSITY KIOT

POWER SYSTEM GROUP

ASSAGNMEMNT
no name id

1 Abdu ali 0501/09

2 Fentahun sibhat 0438/09

3 Aster Belete 0427/09

4 Nuredin Mohammed 0482/09

4 Tirusew sisay 0494/09

5 Solomon H/giworgis 0538/09

6 Chemere tesfa 0351/09

7 Deresegn alemneh 0408/09

8 Habtamu Bezabh 0382/09

9 Chalachwe Yaliye 0409/09

10 Mohammed Ebrahim 4735/09

 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HVDC TRANSMISSION
 FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS THAT OCCUR IN AN HVDC SYSTEM
 PRINCIPLES OF HVDC TRANSMISSION
 REACTIVE POWER DEMAND AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION OF HVDC
 ADVANTAGE OF HVDC
 DISADVANTAGE OF HVDC
 FUNCTION,APPLICATION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF:-
 TCSC
 SVC
 TCRS
 TSSR
 Introduction
o Electric power transmission was originally developed with direct current.
o The availability of transformers and the development and improvement of
induction motors at the beginning of the 20th century, led to the use of AC
transmission.
o DC Transmission now became practical when long distances were to be
covered or where cables were required.
o Thyristors were applied to DC transmission and solid state valves became a
reality.
o With the fast development of converters (rectifiers and inverters) at higher
voltages and larger currents, DC transmission has become a major factor in
the planning of the power transmission.
 Cont………………
o In the beginning all HVDC schemes used mercury arc valves,

o invariably single phase in construction, in contrast to the low voltage polyphase

units used for industrial application.

o About 1960 control electrodes were added to silicon diodes, giving

siliconcontrolled-rectifiers (SCRs or Thyristors).

o Today, the highest functional DC voltage for DC transmission is +/- 600kV.

o D.C transmission is now an integral part of the delivery of electricity in many

countries throughout the world.
HVDC transmission
 an efficient technology designed to deliver large amounts of electricity over long
distances with low losses.
 It can also interconnect incompatible AC networks and stabilize the surrounding
grid.
 The massive transmission of electricity in the form of DC over long distances by
means of submarine cables or overhead transmission line is the high voltage
direct current transmission.
 This type of transmission is preferred over HVAC transmission for very long
distance when considering the cost, losses and many other factors.
 The names Electrical superhighway or Power superhighway are often used for
HVDC.
Fundamental process that occur in an HVDC system
1.When converters are used for d.c. transmission in preference to a.c.
transmission, it is generally by economic choice driven by one of the following
reasons:
 The d.c. transmission line can have a lower visual profile than an equivalent a.c.
line and so contributes to a lower environmental impact.
 An overhead d.c. transmission line with its towers can be designed to be less
costly per unit of length than an equivalent a.c. line designed to transmit the
same level of electric power.
2.If transmission is by submarine or underground cable, the breakeven distance is
much less than overhead transmission.
3.Some a.c. electric power systems are not synchronized to neighboring networks
even though their physical distances between them is quite small.

Principles of HVDC Transmission

 An overhead D.C. line with associated overhead line towers can be made as less
pricey per unit of length than the same A.C. transmission line made to transfer the
equivalent amount of electric power.
 If transmission is achieved by underground cable, the breakeven length is lower
than overhead electrical transmission.
 It is not feasible to look at A.C. cable installations over 50 km but D.C. cable
transmission installations are in operation whose length is in the hundreds of
kilometres. Lengths of 600 km or higher have been regarded as practical.
Cont………

 Certain A.C. electric power networks are not synched to adjacent electrical
systems although physical lengths between them is insignificant.
 Electric power running between the HVDC valve group and the A.C. network is
three phase.
 When electric power runs into the D.C. valve group from the A.C. network then
it is conceived a rectifier. If power runs from the D.C. valve group into the A.C.
network, it is an inverter. Each valve comprises of many thyristors linked in series
in a form of thyristor modules.
Between AC and DC transmission which one will we use?
We will decide based on:
(i) Technical Performance and
(ii) Economic
Technical consideration.
Performance

1. Interconnection:
2. AC interconnection: Two AC systems are connected by an AC
link. Frequency of these two system should be very close. It is
also known as synchronous tie
Disadvantages of AC interconnection:
 Frequency disturbance in one system is transferred to
other system
 Power swing in one system may affect the other
system. Major fault in one system may lead to the complete failure
of the system.
 Increase in fault level.
 Technical Performance
Advantages of DC interconnection:
A DC interconnection provides loose tie between two AC system.
 Can interconnect two AC system of different frequency.
 Fast and reliable control of magnitude and direction of
power flow by controlling firing angle.

02. Stability limit: In AC system

 Reactance of the line increases with the length of the
line
 It leads the reactive power drop
 So reactive power to be injected at regular interval to
stabilize the AC system

But DC system is free of this limitation due to absence of

reactance. Thus power transfer capability is unaffected by the
distance.
 Economic Comparison
01. A new DC line is to be provided instead of 3 phase AC line:

Since two losses are equal:

=
Power transmitted by DC =
Power transmitted by AC =

Power loss in DC =
Power transmitted by AC =
 Economic Comparison

For same power to be transmitted on

both side
Economic Comparison
 Economic Comparison

02. Converting a three phase double circuit line to a three circuit

DC line

Power transfer in 3 phase double circuit AC line =

Power transfer in 3 circuit DC line =

Economic Comparison
Economic Distance for HVDC transmission system
 Advantage of HVDC
 In the instance of issues, control levels on HVDC framework can be controlled
electronically (i.e., quick).
 Cost of transmission is less since only two conductors are used for
transmission.
 There is no reactive power. So transmission losses are reduced.
 For for the same power current is less due to high voltage transmission. So I2R
loss is very less.
 There is no skin effect just because of DC transmission, So thin conductors can
be used. Whereas the thick conductors must be used to eliminate skin effect In
case of HVAC transmission.
 Two AC frameworks having distinctive frequencies can be interconnected
utilising HVDC transmission lines. This isn't conceivable in HVAC
transmission framework.
 Cont…..
 Since HVDC requires no charging current and the active power, it is
favoured in control transmission through links.
 Unlike the HVDC transmission framework, HVAC actuates body
streams in the region of the conductors.
 HVDC transmission does not have any dielectric misfortune warming
issues in the protection of conduits.
 HVDC has the least discernable clamour and additionally least radio, TV
impedance.
 Due to bipolar transmission, the voltage levels are adjusted regarding
earth.
 DC links utilised for transmission are less expensive than AC links.
 In HVDC, line charging and electric reverberation don't present which
prompts high-productivity
 Disadvantage of HVDC
 The main disadvantages of HVDC transmission systems are summarized and briefly explained below:

 expensive:-Converter stations needed to connect to AC power grids are very expensive.

 Complex:- designing and operating multi-terminal HVDC systems is complex.

 power faults:-Inverter substations are most affected.

 Capacities:- impossible to construct an HVDC transmission system with more than
five substations.

 radio noise:-To prevent this, it is necessary to install expensive “active” filters on HVDC
transmission lines.
 Cont……
 dificult grounding:-Grounding HVDC transmission involves a complex and
difficult installation, as it is necessary to construct a reliable and permanent
contact to the Earth for proper operation and to eliminate the possible creation
of a dangerous “step voltage.”
 Grounding HVDC transmission involves a complex and difficult
installation, as it is necessary to construct a reliable and permanent contact to
the Earth for proper operation and to eliminate the possible creation of a
dangerous “step voltage.”
 it is necessary to install expensive filter-compensation units and reactive
power compensation units.
 TCSC
 Applications of TCSC(Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor):
 1. Thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSCs) can be used for several power system
performance enhancements, namely, the improvement in system stability, the damping of power
oscillations, the alleviation of sub synchronous resonance (SSR), and the prevention of voltage
collapse.

 The effectiveness of TCSC controllers is dependent largely on their proper placement within the
carefully selected control signals for achieving different functions.


 Although TCSCs operate in highly nonlinear power-system environments, linear-control

techniques are used extensively for the design of TCSC controllers.
 Cont…….
2. Improvement of the System – Stability Limit
 During the outage of a critical line in a meshed system, a large volume of power tends to flow in
parallel transmission paths, which may become severely overloaded.

 Providing fixed-series compensation on the parallel path to augment the power-transfer

capability appears to be a feasible solution, but it may increase the total system losses.

 Therefore, it is advantageous to install a TCSC in key transmission paths, which can adapt its
series-compensation level to the instantaneous system requirements and provide a lower loss
alternative to fixed-series compensation.

 The series compensation provided by the TCSC can be adjusted rapidly to ensure specified
magnitudes of power flow along designated transmission lines.
 Cont…..
3. Enhancement of System Damping
4. Voltage – Collapse Prevention:

 Voltage-collapse problems are a serious concern for power-system engineers and planners.
 Voltage collapse is mathematically indicated when the system Jacobian becomes singular.
 The collapse points are indicative of the maximum load ability of the transmission lines or the available
transfer capability (ATC).

 The TCSCs can significantly enhance the load ability of transmission networks, thus obviating voltage
collapse at existing power-transfer levels.

 The TCSC reduces the effective line reactance, thereby increasing the power flow; it generates reactive
power with increasing through-current, thus exercising a beneficial influence on the neighboring bus
voltage.

 svc
*Principle of SVC Control
 The voltage at a load bus supplied by a transmission line is dependent on the magnitude of the
load, the load-power factor, and the impedance of the transmission line.
 Consider an SVC connected to a load bus, as shown in Fig. The load has a varying power factor
and is fed by a lossless radial transmission line.
 The voltage profile at the load bus, which is situated at the receiver end of the transmission line,
s depicted in Fig. For a given load-power factor, as the transmitted power is gradually increased,
a maximum power limit is reached beyond which the voltage collapse
cont,,,,,,,,
 TCSR
# Application :-
 In a protection system the tripping of circuit breaker is crucial.
 Should an interruption occur in trip circuit, possible network fault would not be disconnected and
the fault would have to be cleared by another upstream protections in the power system.
 The supervision function is particularly important when there is only one tripping coil and CB
tripping is vital or important circuit breaker in distribution networks.
 The supervision relay type TCS is intended for a continuous supervision of circuit breaker trip
circuit and gives an alarm for loss of auxiliary supply, faults on the trip coil or its wires
independent of the breaker position.
 The relay supports functions
 cont……………….

# principle of operation:-
 Design and principle of operation The supervision relay TCS is designed to be
used for the supervision of trip circuits and other important contro
 The injected current is sensed by two optocouplers l and monitoring circuits.
Cont………
 TSSR
# Application:-
 The TSSR-Meter can be used in many areas where mechanical-thermal properties have to be measured and
verified.
 The determination of the cross-linking density is an advantage in the development of new materials and in quality
assurance.
 The residual pressure deformation value can be predicted on the basis of the limit temperature using a linear
correlation.
 The areas of application of TPE in comparison to carbon black-filled elastomers can be clearly defined.
 For soot-filled EPDM compounds, additional information can be obtained by anisothermal stress relaxation
curves. These characterize the interactions between carbon black and polymers.
 In addition, the TSSR meter can be used to visualize the thermal limits of application of commercially available
TPE materials and to characterize various TPE blends with relaxation spectra. .
 Individual materials can be assigned to product groups via the TSSR index determined by the TSSR
 Cont………….
# TSSR working principles :-
 Protection of telecommunications infrastructure is a shared responsibility Industry
 A risk management approach
 Embedding security considerations into business processes
 National security risks

Operationion
 Effective protection of telecommunications networks and facilities is not just about prevention of
threats, it also relates to the overall resilience of an organisation. Monitoring processes to detect cyber-
attacks and plans to respond to, and recover from, a cyber-attack are also important to consider. A key
component of
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