Scribd
Upload
9 views

Tadala Note

This document provides information about Dire Dawa University's Institute of Technology School of Electrical & Computer Engineering course on Introduction to Communication Systems. It outlines topics on multitone amplitude modulation, generation of AM using switching modulation, generation of DSB-SC modulation, and real-life applications of SSB, VSB, DSB-SC, and AM modulation. The document includes mathematical expressions and block diagrams to explain key concepts.

Uploaded by

tadepeace23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

Tadala Note

This document provides information about Dire Dawa University's Institute of Technology School of Electrical & Computer Engineering course on Introduction to Communication Systems. It outlines topics on multitone amplitude modulation, generation of AM using switching modulation, generation of DSB-SC modulation, and real-life applications of SSB, VSB, DSB-SC, and AM modulation. The document includes mathematical expressions and block diagrams to explain key concepts.

Uploaded by

tadepeace23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL &COMPUTER ENGINEERIG
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
COURSE CODE :ECEG-4164
Section 2

NAME ID.NO

TADALA NOTE..........................1201342
SUBMITTED TO INSI.IYASU.K
SUBMISSION DATE JAN.06
OUTLINES
1.Multitone amplitude modulation........................3

2.Generation of AM using Switching Modulaton


..................................................13
3.Generation of DSB-SC modulation...................21

4. Real life application of SSB, VSB, DSB-SC and Am


modulation......................................................32
1.Multitone amplitude modulation

What is multi tone amplitude modulation?

A multiple-tone amplitude modulation is the type of


modulation in which the modulating signal consists of more
than one frequency components.Multi tone signals are
composed of multiply single sine waves or tones with a
unique amplitude,phase and frequency.
In the spectrum domain, the multi tone or RF energy
will be present at a

unique frequency. In the time domain, the multiply


signals or tones will be a composite signal in

which each of the tones will add or cancel to make a


composite sign
Mathematical expression of
multitone AM
Let us consider that a carrier signal A cos ωct is
modulated by a baseband or modulating signal x(t)
which is expressed as :

……….(1)

As we know, the general expression for AM wave is :

………… (2)
Now, putting the value of x(t) from equation (1) in
equation (2), we get

……..............................(3)
But we know that,
Therefore,

…………........................…. (4)

Where

are the modulation indexes of the corresponding


frequency components.
• The expression for AM wave in equation (4) may
further be expanded as :

……...................... (5)
Now we know that the total power in AM is given as

Pt = carrier power + sideband power

Pt = Pc + Ps ……….. (6)
The carrier power Pc is given as :
……………. (7)
Similarly, the sideband power is given as :

…………...............…. (8)

But we know that,


Putting the values of V1, V2 and V3 in equation (8),we get,

……............……. (9)
Now putting the value of Pc and
Ps in equation (6), we get:
This expression may be extended upto to n-
modulating terms i.e.,

• …………… (10

.....
2.Generation of AM using Switching
Modulaton
The following two modulators generate AM wave.

i.Square law modulator


ii.Switching modulator

ii.Switching Modulator
The 'switching-modulator' or the 'square-law'
modulator can be used for generating amplitude
modulation (AM/DSB).
Following is the block diagram of
the square law modulator

Switching modulator is similar to the square law


modulator. The only difference is that in the square
law modulator, the diode is operated in a non-linear
mode, whereas, in the switching modulator, the
diode has to operate as an ideal switch.
Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m(t) and
c(t)=Accos(2πfct) respectively.
These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer
(adder) block. Summer block produces an output, which is
the addition of modulating and carrier signals.
Mathematically, we can write it as

V1(t)=m(t)+c(t)=m(t)+Accos(2πfct)
This signal V1(t) is applied as an input of diode.
Assume, the magnitude of the modulating signal is very
small when compared to the amplitude of carrier signal
Ac. So, the diode’s ON and OFF action is controlled by
carrier signal c(t).

This means, the diode will be forward biased when c(t)>0


and it will be reverse biased when c(t)<0.

Therefore, the output of the diode is

V2(t)={V1(t) if c(t)>0
0 if c(t)<0
• We can approximate this as
V(t)=V1(t)x(t)(Equation 2)
Where, x(t) is a periodic pulse train with time period
T=1/fc

The Fourier series representation of this periodic pulse


train is
Substitute, V1(t) and x(t) values in Equation 2.
• The 1st term of the above equation represents the
desired AM wave and the remaining terms are unwanted
terms. Thus, with the help of band pass filter, we can pass
only AM wave and eliminate the remaining terms.
• Therefore, the output of switching modulator is
We know the standard equation of AM wave is

• Where, ka is the amplitude sensitivity.


3. Generation of DSB-SC
modulation
Definition: DSB-SC is an amplitude modulated wave
transmission scheme in which only sidebands are
transmitted and the carrier is not transmitted as it
gets suppressed. Genneration of DSB-SC signal
Let’s have a look at the block diagram of the DSB-SC
system shown below:
Here, by observing the above figure, we can say that a
product modulator generates a DSB-SC signal.

The signal is obtained by the multiplication of


baseband signal x(t) with carrier signal cos ωct
By frequency shifting property of
Fourier transform

From the above equation, it is clear that only 2


components are present in the spectrum. These two are
the two sidebands that are placed at +ωc and -ωc.

Let’s have a look at the pictorial representation of a


waveform for DSB-SC system-
Mathematical Expression
In order to get an exact an idea about the
suppression of carrier in DSB-SC system.

Consider the baseband or modulating signal,


x(t) = Ax cos (2πfxt)
and the carrier signal,

c(t) = Ac cos (2πfct)


The mathematical representation of the signal at the
output of the product modulator is given as-
s(t) = x(t).c(t)
Further,

The maximum frequency is fc + fx


The minimum frequency is fc – fx
As we know,
Bandwidth is given as

BW = fmax – fmin
BW = fc + fx – (fc – fx)
BW = 2fx
Thus, at the output, the DSB-SC wave contains a signal whose frequency is twice
the frequency of the baseband signal.

Carrier suppression in DSB-SC (Balanced


Modulator)

A non-linear device has the capability to


produce two sidebands with a carrier. But, a
balanced mode connection of two non-linear
devices produces a DSB-SC signal.
Let’s have a look at the circuit of the
balanced modulator using diodes

As we can see that the baseband input signal is applied at


the input of two diodes that are 180⁰ phase reversed with
each other through a centre tapped transformer.
Hence the input at D1,

v1 = cos ωct + x(t)

and input at D2

At the output side tuned bandpass filter is obtained by


parallel connection of RLC circuit
So, the current through D1 is given as
Similarly,

the output voltage is given by


vo = i1 R – i2 R

On substituting the above-given value of i1 and i2 in


the output equation, we will have,

vo = R [2 a x(t)] (+ 4b x (t) cos ωct)]


Therefore, the output is,
vo = 2aR x(t) + 4bRx (t) cos ωct

2aR x(t) = modulating signal

4bR x(t) cos ωct = DSB-SC signal

Thus, from the above expression, it is clear that output voltage is a


combination of modulating signal along with the DSB-SC signal.After the
elimination of the modulating signal, the DSB-SC signal is then passed to the LC
bandpass and is received at the output.

Thus we will have,


4bR x(t) cos ωct = K x(t) cos ωct
At the output.
4. Real life application of SSB, VSB, DSB-SC
and Am modulation.

i.Application of SSB modulation


The applications of SSB modulation include the
following.

->This modulation is used in where power-saving and


bandwidth .

-> It used in air, land & maritime communications.


->Used in radio & point to point communications.

->Used in communications like telemetry, Tv & radar.

->It is used in military communications like amateur radio,


etc.

ii.Application of VSB modulation


The applications of VSB modulation include the
following.
->VSB modulation is standard for the transmission of
TV signals.

-> mainly used for the TV broadcast worldwide. In


this broadcast, it is essential to broadcast the
information of video and audio concurrently.

-> in the transmission of VSB, the higher sideband


of video signal & picture carrier are broadcasted
without any control.
Where a vestige is a fraction of lower sideband and it is
transmitted & the residual part is covered up
ii.Application of DSB-SC modulation
->Analogue TV systems: to transmit color information.

->For transmitting stereo information in FM sound


broadcast at VHF.

->One important application of DSB is the transmission of


color information in a TV signal.
->CB radio
->TV broadcasting
-> Air traffic control radios
->used in electronic communication, most
commonly for transmitting information via a radio
carrier wave.
->DSB-SC used in stereo transmission of FM radio.
->Two way radio co

ii.Application of AM modulation
->it is used for transmitting data or information via
radio wave.
->It used in the electronic analog communication
system.

->It is used in earlier days to transmit voice by radio.

-> It is used in old Televisions to control the pixels on the


screen.

-> It is used in some devices such as Citizens band radio,


two-way radio, computer modems.

-> It also used in the medium wave AM radio


broadcasting.
->it is used in the analog mixer for audio control.

->There is a very important application of Amplitude


Modulation(AM) in AM Radio Communication.

-> Amplitude Modulation(AM) used in two-way


communication over the radio in Aircraft

->It also used in Air Band Radios.


->It is used in earlier days to transmit Morse Code.

-> It also used in the telephone system in earlier days.


N K YO U
TH A

You might also like