Energy Science and Engineering (KOE033)

Introduction
 Energy is one of the most important component of economic
infrastructure.
 It is the basic input required to sustain economic growth. There is
direct relation between the level of economic development and per
capita energy consumption.
 Simply speaking more developed a country, higher is the per capita
consumption of energy and the other way around. India’s per capita
consumption of energy is only one eighth of global average. This
indicates that our country has low rate of per capita consumption of
energy as compared to developed countries
Energy Consumption in India
 Energy
 Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work. Energy exists in
several forms such as heat, kinetic or mechanical energy, light, potential energy,
electrical, or other forms.
 Different Form of Energy

1. Mechanical Energy:
 Defined as energy which can be used to raise a weight.
 Can be easily and efficiently converted into other energy forms.

2. Electrical Energy:
 Defined as that class of energy associated with the flow or accumulation of
electrons.
 Large quantities of electrical energy are transferred over long distances with the use
of high-voltage transmission lines.
 Can be converted into other energy forms.
3. Electromagnetic Energy:
 Defined as that form of energy associated with electromagnetic radiation.
 Extensively employed in nuclear energy study.

4. Chemical Energy:
 Defined as energy that is released as the result of electron interactions in which
two or more atoms and/or molecules combine to produce a more stable chemical
compound.
 Commonly reported in the units of energy per unit mass or “mole” of fuel reactant

 Sources of Energy:

1. Conventional Energy Sources

2. (Non-Conventional Energy Sources)Renewable Energy Sources
1. Conventional Energy Sources
 The term "Conventional" means "not unusual or extreme or ordinary." Conventional
energy sources are the traditional sources of energy like coal and petroleum.
Conventional energy sources are finite. They will not last forever.

 Natural Gas
Natural gas in its purest form is pure methane but before it is refined, it also contains
varying amount of ethane, propane, butane and carbon dioxide. When refined, it is
colorless and odorless but can be burned to release large amounts of energy .

 Coal
Coal releases large amounts of energy when it is burned because of the density of
hydrocarbons in the material. Coal is formed by dead plants being put under significant
pressure and temperature for millions of years. There are four grades of coal: lignite,
subbituminous, bituminous coal and anthracite. Bituminous coal is the best for
releasing energy and is the most commonly mined type of coal .
 Petroleum
Petroleum is formed from the compression of animal and plant remains over millions
of years. Petroleum has to be drilled for because it is usually located deep below the
earth's surface and is then refined to produce a number of different products including
gasoline, heavy fuel oil and diesel fuel.

 Disadvantages of Conventional Energy Sources

1. Petroleum, gas and coal are non renewable energy sources which means that they
will eventually run out.
2.These energy sources also release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere which contribute to global warming.
3. Other pollutants released include sulfur and nitrogen oxide, which can lead to acid
rain and mercury, which is harmful to humans when ingested.
2. Renewable Energy Sources
 Renewable energy is natural energy which does not have a limited supply. Renewable
energy can be used again and again, and will never run out.
 Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight,
wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished.)
 Renewable energy is an alternative to fossil fuels and nuclear power, and was
commonly called alternative energy.
 A list of renewable energy sources:
1. Hydro
2. Solar
3. Wind
4. Geothermal
5. Tidal
6. Wave
 Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas:
1. power generation,
2.hot water/ space heating,
3.transport fuels and
4.rural (off-grid) energy services.
 Primary Energy sources are those which provide a net supply of energy. The energy
required to obtain from these fuels is much less than what they can produce by
combustion or nuclear reaction. The primary fuels only can accelerate growth but their
supply is limited.
Example: Coal, natural gases, oil and nuclear energy etc.

 Secondary fuels are those which produce no net energy, even though it is necessary
for the economy.
Example: Solar energy, wind energy, geo-thermal energy etc.

 Supplementary sources are defined as those whose net energy yield is zero and
those requiring highest investment in terms of energy.
Example: insulation energy
 Hydropower

 Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times denser
than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield
considerable amounts of energy.

 There are many forms of water energy:

 Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to
100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as a remote-area power
supply (RAPS). There are many of these installations around the world, including
several delivering around 50 kW in the Solomon Islands.
 Dam less hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans without using a
dam. Ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from the ocean
and the sea. This includes marine current power, ocean thermal energy conversion,
and tidal power.
Hydropower
 Solar Energy
 Solar energy is the energy derived from the
sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar
powered electrical generation relies on
photovoltaic and heat engines. A partial list
of other solar applications includes space
heating and cooling through solar
architecture, day lighting, solar hot water,
solar cooking, and high temperature process
heat for industrial purposes.
 Solar Energy

 Karnataka tops the list of states with the highest installed solar power generation
capacity in the country. The state's total solar capacity at the end of 2018 stood at
5,328 megawatt (MW).
 The country's solar installed capacity reached 37.63 GW as of 31 March 2020.
 On July 10, 2020, Asia’s largest solar plant with capacity of 750 MW is launched in
Madhya Pradesh’s Rewa.
 Wind Energy

 Airflows can be used to run wind

turbines. Modern wind turbines range
from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated
power, although turbines with rated
output of 1.5–3 MW have become the
most common for commercial use; the
power output of a turbine is a function
of the cube of the wind speed, so as
wind speed increases, power output
increases dramatically
 Wind Energy

 Areas where winds are stronger and

more constant, such as offshore and
high altitude sites, are preferred
locations for wind farms.
 Advantages of renewable energy sources

 Renewable energy sources consist of solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, ocean and
biomass. The most common advantage of each is that they are renewable and
cannot be depleted.

 They are clean energy, as they don't pollute the air, and they don't contribute to
global warming or greenhouse effects.

 Since their sources are natural the cost of operations is reduced and they also
require less maintenance on their plants.
 Disadvantages of Renewable energy sources

 A common disadvantage to all is that it is difficult to produce the large quantities of

electricity their counterpart the fossil fuels are able to. Since they are also new
technologies, the cost of initiating them is high.
 wind : turbines are expensive. Wind doesn't blow all the time, so they have to be
part of a larger plan.
 Solar :panels are expensive. Governments are not all willing to buy home
generated electricity. Not all climates are suitable for solar panels.
 tides : barrages (dams) across river mouths are expensive to build and disrupt
shipping. Smaller turbines are cheaper and easier to install.
 Rivers : Dams are expensive to build and disrupt the environment. They have also
caused earthquakes.
 Geothermal : Difficult to drill two or three kilometers down into the earth.
 Units and the Scales of Energy Use

The basics: SI units

SI ≡ International System
MKSA = Meter, Kilogram, Second, Ampere units

 Electromagnetic units Derived Units

Charge ⇒ Coulombs Energy ⇒ Joules
Current ⇒ Amperes Power ⇒ Watts
Electrostatic potential ⇒ Volts Pressure ⇒ Pascal
Resistance ⇒ Ohms Force ⇒ Newton

 Thermal units
Temperature ⇒ Kelvin (K)
 Force, Energy, Power and
Pressure
[X] means “The unit of X”
Basics: m ⇔ kilograms, l ⇔meters
t ⇔ seconds and, Q ⇔ coulombs
For example : [speed]= l/t = meters/second
Force, Energy, Power and Pressure
Force, Energy, Power and Pressure
 Form of Energy

 Energy disappears ? NO
 Changes from one to another form
kinetic to potential to chemical to thermal
 This is conservation of energy
 Units : All these different forms of energy must have same unit of (Mass x length 2 /
time2 )

 Kinetic Energy :
K.E. = =

= mx( =
 Work and Potential Energy:
F x d = force x distance
[Force] x [distance] = x l = m x
When a force acts an object over a distance it does work that can show up as kinetic energy
or be stored as potential energy.

 Work by Pressure :
PV = pressure x volume = x volume
pressure x volume = x = m x
 Thermal Energy:
n
N – Number of Mole n – Number of molecules
R – the gas constant = 8.31447 k – Boltzmann’s constant = 1.381x J/K
T – temperature in kelvins T – temperature in kelvins
 Electrical Energy :

E=QxV

Q – Charge,
V - Electrostatics Potential

An electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop or
the electrostatic potential) is the amount of work needed to move a unit of charge
from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing an
acceleration. Typically, the reference point is the Earth or a point at infinity, although
any point can be used.

1 Volt = = =
 Quantum Energy:
E = hv h = 6.626 x
h is Plank’s constant
v is frequency of light

 Einstein’s Rest Energy:

E=m
[E] = [m ] =

Note: BTU (British Thermal Unit) is a traditional unit of heat, it is define as the amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree
Fahrenheit.
 CO2 and other greenhouse gases: measurements, units,
energy connection
 Properties of
 Importance of
 Other Greenhouse gases

 Properties of
 Atomic Weight of 12+16+16=44
 Air contains . So Atomic Weight of air is 28.6.
 has density (44/28.6) = 1.54 x density of air.
 No liquid state below pressure 5 atm. At higher pressure melts at C.
 Importance of
produced by human activity (million of matric tonnes)
 Total in the atmosphere 2996 000 MMT
 Leading emitters of (2020)
1.China 2. U.S. 3.India 4. Russia 5. Japan
 Other Greenhouse Gasses
 Methane ) released from landfills and agriculture (especially from the digestive
systems of grazing animals.
 Nitrous oxide from fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial processes.
 Mechanical Energy
 Kinetic Energy
 Potential Energy
 Friction + Air Resistance Energy

 Kinetic Energy:
kinetic energy (KE) of an object is the energy that it possesses
due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given
mass from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration,
the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes
K.E. =

 Potential Energy: Potential energy is the energy that is stored in an object due to
its position relative to some zero position. An object possesses
gravitational potential energy if it is positioned at a height above (or below) the
zero height.
 Motion against a force (eg. roll ball uphill )
Kinetic energy Potential Energy

 Motion in direction of force

Potential Energy Kinetic Energy
Example. Spring U=
Potential Energy, Forces, and Work
 Heat and Thermal Energy

 Heat : transfer thermal energy from higher temperature to lower temperature.

 Heat energy: is the result of the movement of tiny particles called atoms, molecules
or ions in solids, liquids and gases. Heat energy can be transferred from one object to
another. The transfer or flow due to the difference in temperature between the two
objects is called heat.
 Thermal Energy: is the energy that comes from heat. This heat is generated by
movement of particle with in object. The faster these particles move, more heat is
generated
mono + atomic = atoms are not bound to
each other.
Elastic collision is an encounter between two bodies
in which total kinetic energy remains the same
 Internal Energy
 Heat Capacity:
Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical property of matter,
defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to a given mass of a material to produce a
unit change in its temperature. The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin.

= at Constant Volume
 For Ideal Gas N (monoatomic = 3/2)

 Specific heat capacity (symbol: c) is the amount of heat in joules required to raise the
temp. of 1 gram of a substance by 1 Kelvin. It may also be expressed as J/kg·K.

C=
 Phase Transition

 Extra energy is needed to break intermolecular bond.

 Latent Heat is the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapour, or a
liquid into a vapour, without change of temperature.
 Heat is transported in three ways
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
1. Conduction
 Heat transfer between adjacent molecule
 Conduction occurs when two object at different temperature are in contact with each
other. Heat transfer from warmer to cooler object until they are both at same
temperature.
Eg. Metal spoon in cup of hot coffee
2.Convection
 When a fluid such as air or liquid, is heated and then travels away from the source. It
carries thermal energy along. This type of heat transfer is called convection.
Eg. Air rising over hot blacktop parking lot
3. Radiation
 Emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic wave
Eg. Solar radiation, earth radiation

 Heat Conduction
 Fourier's law: The law of heat conduction, also known as Fourier's law, states that
the time rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the negative
gradient in the temperature and to the area, at right angles to that gradient, through
which the heat flows.

q = -k A ΔT= - k A

Where k = thermal conductivity (W/mK)

A = area of surface ()
= temperature gradient (K/m)
 Law of Thermodynamics
 Key Points
 The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy
cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.
 The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated
system always increases.
 The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system
approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

Terms
 absolute zero The lowest temperature that is theoretically possible.
 Entropy A thermodynamic property that is the measure of a system’s thermal
energy per unit of temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work.
 System or Surroundings
 In order to avoid confusion, scientists discuss thermodynamic values in
reference to a system and its surroundings. Everything that is not a part of the
system constitutes its surroundings. The system and surroundings are
separated by a boundary. For example, if the system is one mole of a gas in a
container, then the boundary is simply the inner wall of the container itself.
Everything outside of the boundary is considered the surroundings, which
would include the container itself.

 The boundary must be clearly defined, so one can clearly say whether a given
part of the world is in the system or in the surroundings. If matter is not able to
pass across the boundary, then the system is said to be closed; otherwise, it
is open. A closed system may still exchange energy with the surroundings
unless the system is an isolated one, in which case neither matter nor energy
can pass across the boundary.
 The first law of thermodynamics
 The first law of thermodynamics, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy,
states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be
transferred or changed from one form to another. For example, turning on a light
would seem to produce energy; however, it is electrical energy that is converted.

 Now Heat up gas inside cylinder by providing heat

 Pressure Increases Piston moves in upward
direction
 So Work done by gas

= Heat given to system (+)

 = Change in internal energy
= Work done on system
 If heat flows into a system or the surroundings do work on it, the internal energy
increases and the sign of q and w are positive. Conversely, heat flow out of the
system or work done by the system (on the surroundings) will be at the expense of the
internal energy, and q and w will therefore be negative.

 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

 The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated system
always increases.

 The Third Law of Thermodynamics

 The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a
constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
 Electromagnetic Energy
 All Solar energy is transmitted to earth as EM Wave.
 Total yearly solar energy input 1.74 x == 5.46 x J/year
 Primary Solar Energy consumption is electrical power sector.
 Role of electromagnetic phenomenon is energy flow
 Electricity generation is conversion from fossil fuel, nuclear, hydro etc.
 Energy Transmission:
 Radioactive, Solar, microwave

 High voltage transmission over medium and long distance

 Electric Fields, Forces and Work
 Force:
 Coulomb's law: a law stating that like charges repel and
opposite charges attract, with a force proportional to the
product of the charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.

where = 9x
 Electric charges produce electric fields
 For Point Charge
=
 Electric fields exert forces on charges
F=qE

 Electric energy and potential:

 Work done against an electric field is stored as electrostatic
potential energy.

 V is the electrostatic potential = the electrostatic potential

energy per unit charge
 Work per unit charge:
Electrostatic potential = Voltage
 Units of voltage are energy per unit charge, or Joules per Coulomb.
 1 Joule/Coulomb = 1 Volt

 Voltage is a scalar quantity.

 Electromagnetic Energy Storage: Capacitors

 General Idea of Conductor

 Place a charge on a conductor
 Voltage on conductor is proportional to charge
 Capacitance is proportionality constant
(“Capacity” of conductor to store charge.)
 Energy stored in the capacitor is in the form of electrostatic field.
Parallel Plate Capacitors
 Two parallel plate of area A separated by distance d filled
with dielectric with dielectric constant as shown in fig.

 For a parallel plate

 To increase capacitance: increase Area (size limitations); decrease distance (charge

leakage); or increase dielectric constant (material limitations)
 So typical scale for a capacitive circuit element is pico farads

1 pico farads = 1 x
 Electrical Energy Storage

 Batteries are expensive, heavy, involve relatively rare and unusual materials
(eg. lithium, mercury, cadmium,...), toxic.
 Storing electrical energy in capacitors is not a new idea, but using novel materials
to make “ultra” capacitors is
 “Super” or “Ultra” Capacitors:
1. Electrode are made of graphite carbon in the form of activated conductive corbon
or carbon gel.
2. Separator: porous paper membrane (allows positive ion to pass through but
blocking the larger electrons)
 Heat Engine
 a heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy to mechanical
energy.

Heat Input Work

Heat Engine
(Cyclic)
∆ 𝑄 1=𝑇 1 ∆ 𝑆 𝑊 =∆𝑄 1 − ∆ 𝑄 2

Waste
∆ 𝑄 2=𝑇 2 ∆ 𝑆
Heat Input :
Heat output :
Work done :

Efficiency : η=
η= =

η=
 Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes
 Isothermal Process (ideal process): process at constant temperature

for ideal gas Boyle’s law

P V = constant

Internal Energy ()

By using first law of thermodynamics

• Perfectly Isothermal process is a slow process

 Adiabatic Process: (ideally very fast process)
Heat Exchange =0

By using first law of thermodynamics

(Q=0)
 Carnot heat engine
 Carnot engine is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle proposed by Leonard
Carnot. It gives the estimate of the maximum possible efficiency that a heat
engine during the conversion process of heat into work and conversely, working
between two reservoirs, can possess.

( 𝑷 𝟏 ,𝑽 𝟏 ,𝑻 𝟏 )

( 𝑷 𝟐 ,𝑽 𝟐 ,𝑻 𝟏 )

( 𝑷 𝟒 ,𝑽 𝟒 , 𝑻 𝟐)
( 𝑷 𝟑 ,𝑽 𝟑 ,𝑻 𝟐 )
 Carnot Theorem: Any system working between two given temperatures T1 (hot
reservoir) and T2 (cold reservoir), can never have an efficiency more than the Carnot
engine working between the same reservoirs respectively.

 Carnot Cycle: A Carnot cycle is defined as an ideal reversible closed

thermodynamic cycle in which there are four successive operations involved and
they are isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and
adiabatic compression. During these operations, the expansion and compression of
substance can be done up to desired point and back to initial state.
Carnot Cycle
Following are the four processes of Carnot cycle:
• In (a), the process is reversible isothermal gas expansion. In this process, the
amount of heat absorbed by the ideal gas is qin from the heat source which is at a
temperature of Th. The gas expands and does work on the surroundings.

•In (b), the process is reversible adiabatic gas expansion. Here, the system is
thermally insulated and the gas continues to expand and work is done on the
surroundings. Now the temperature is lower, Tl.

•In (c), the process is reversible isothermal gas compression process. Here, the heat
loss, qout occurs when the surroundings do the work at temperature Tl.

•In (d), the process is reversible adiabatic gas compression. Again the system is
thermally insulated. The temperature again rise back to T h as the surrounding
continue to do their work on the gas.
 Stirling Heat engine

• A Stirling engine is a heat engine that is operated by a cyclic compression and

expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures,
resulting in a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work. More
specifically, the Stirling engine is a closed-cycle regenerative heat engine with a
permanently gaseous working fluid. Closed-cycle, in this context, means
a thermodynamic system in which the working fluid is permanently contained
within the system, and regenerative describes the use of a specific type of
internal heat exchanger and thermal store, known as the regenerator. Strictly
speaking, the inclusion of the regenerator is what differentiates a Stirling engine
from other closed cycle hot air engines.
• In Stirling cycle, Carnot cycle’s compression and expansion isentropic processes
are replaced by two constant-volume regeneration processes.

• During the regeneration process heat is transferred to a thermal storage device

(regenerator) during one part and is transferred back to the working fluid in
another part of the cycle.

• The regenerator can be a wire or a ceramic mesh or any kind of porous plug with
a high thermal mass (mass times specific heat). The regenerator is assumed to be
reversible heat transfer device.
1-2 : isothermal expansion - heat addition from external source
2-3 : const. vol. heat transfer - internal heat transfer from the gas to the
regenerator
3-4 : isothermal compression - heat rejection to the external sink
4-1: const. vol. heat transfer - internal heat transfer from the regenerator to the
gas
 Heat Extraction Devices
 These devices extract heat from lower temperature and sent it to higher
temperature.
Example: 1. Household air-condition
2. Household Refrigerator
3. Commercial air-condition & refrigerator
4. Industrial cooling

Heat Pump
Refrigerator
 Heat Pump:
 Refrigerator:
 Carnot cooling cycle:

Heat added to
surrounding
 Process involve in carnot cooling cycle

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