Module 1:

The Impact of Technology &

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Chapter 1: The Impact of Technology in a Changing World

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 Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1.1 Describe various technological tools being used to impact
national and global issues.
1.2 Describe various global social issues that are being affected by
technology.
1.3 Describe how technology is changing how and why we
connect and collaborate with others.
1.4 Summarize how technology has impacted the way we choose
and consume products and services.
1.5 Characterize computer literacy and explain why it is important
to be computer literate.

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 Learning Objectives (2 of 2)

1.6 Describe artificial intelligence systems and explain their main

goals.
1.7 Describe how artificial intelligence and other information
technologies are providing career opportunities.
1.8 Define ethics and describe various ethical systems.
1.9 Describe influences on the development of your personal
ethics.
1.10 Present examples of how technology creates ethical
challenges.

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Part 1: Technology in Society

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 Technology in a Global Society
Impact of Tools of Modern Technology
• Social networking tools enable groups to connect and exchange ideas.

• Social media platforms like X=Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram enable

people to connect and exchange ideas. These platforms also bring
together people facing similar problems to fight for social change. For
example, the Twitter hashtag #MeToo began as a way of supporting
women acing sexual harassment and assault but evolved to galvanize an
international movement. A simple hashtag brought to light an important
social issue and was a key means for revealing how widespread the
problem was.
• Bot accounts, automated programs retweeting news stories and quotes,
have been used to create discord around controversial topics in many
countries.
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 Technology in a Global Society
Impact of Tools of Modern Technology
Another example of the interaction of
technology
and society is the software tool
Ushahidi. The developers made
Ushahidi a free platform anyone in
the world can
use (see Figure). It has since been
used in several international disasters.
In what other ways
may technology help us face times of
crisis?
 Technology in a Global Society
Global Issues (1 of 3)
• Health care
– Develop and deliver vaccines
– Increased vaccine production
– Embedded sensors provide important information
– for sport medicine, Computer programs have collected sensor data
from impacts on the field, which scientists have analyzed and used
to create a new kind of helmet. College programs and the NFL
now use enhanced helmets, designed to better distribute the impact
of collisions.

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 Technology in a Global Society
Global Issues (1 of 3)
• The Environment
– Data could alert scientists to new trends
– Example:
– Smart Internet-connected water sprinklers are another technology
that is already saving water in California and other dry areas of the
country. The sprinkler system checks the weather forecast so it
won’t use water when rain is coming the next day. The system is
showing a 30% reduction in water usage.
– Need of similar and other sensors in Jordan – one of the poorest in
water resources

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 Technology in a Global Society
Global Issues (2 of 3)
• The Digital Divide
– Gap exists between levels of
Internet access and
availability of technical
tools
– Prevents use of all minds to
solve planet’s problems

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Table 1.1 shows additional examples of people
putting technology into action to impact the
world. How will you join them

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 Technology Connects Us with Others
Technology Impacts How and Why We Connect and
Collaborate (1 of 2)
• We collaborate for the benefit of others
– Web 2.0
▪ Allows easy content contribution
▪ Facilitates easy connections with others
– Cognitive Surplus
The term cognitive surplus was coined to
reflect the combination of leisure time and the tools to be creative.
The availability of media tools and the easy connectivity of Web 2.0,
along with generosity and a need to share, also enable projects like
Ushahidi to emerge.

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 Technology Connects Us with Others
Technology Impacts How and Why We Connect and
Collaborate (2 of 2)
• Business

– Support others’ dreams

– Crowdfunding is asking for small donations from large number of

people. asking for small donations from a large number of people.
Successful Kickstarter projects have included ice chests with integrated
blenders, DNA analysis machines that could inexpensively diagnose
disease, and many entertainment projects.
– Over $3.9 billion of funding for businesses has been raised using
Kickstarter. Business ideas are not the only projects benefiting from
crowdfunding. Sites like GoFundMe allow people to crowdfund to raise
money for things such as medical bills or tuition.

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 Technology Connects Us with Others
Technology Impacts How We Consume (1 of 2)
• Marketing technology helps us to:
– Decide what to purchase
– Actual buying process of goods and services
• Marketing
– QR (quick response) codes
– Crowdsourcing: Marketers also have to be aware of the
phenomenon of crowdsourcing—checking in with the voice of the
crowd. Forward-thinking companies are using this input to improve
their products and services. AT&T, for example, has an app called
Mark the Spot that lets customers report locations of dropped calls
to help the company improve its coverage.

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 Technology Connects Us with Others
Technology Impacts How We Consume (2 of 2)
• Access Versus
Ownership
– ZipCar

– Citi Bike

– Collaborative
consumption

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 The Importance of Computer Literacy
Computer Literacy
• Computer literacy

– Understand capabilities and limitations of computers

– Know how to use safely and efficiently
– Avoiding hackers and viruses
– Protecting your privacy.
– Understanding the real risks
– Using the web wisely
– Avoiding online annoyances

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Computer literacy

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•
Part 2:Emerging Technologies (AI) and
•
Ethical Computing

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Copyright © 2020, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2020, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
 Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Basics (1 of 3)
• Intelligence — ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
– Experiences, reasoning, problem solving, perception, and using language
• Artificial intelligence (AI) — systems or machines which perform tasks:
– AI is a branch of computer science that focuses on creating computer
systems able to perform tasks that are usually associated with human
intelligence. By this definition, any computer-controlled device that
accomplishes something thought of as “intelligent” by humans is
considered AI.

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 Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Basics (2 of 3)
• Goal in 1950s was to create a machine that could think like a human
• Goal now is intelligent answers inspired by the way people think.
• Early examples included expert systems that mimicked doctors in
diagnosing illnesses. But this goal has shifted somewhat toward creating
machines that generate intelligent output but that do not necessarily mimic
the human thought process.
• Central Goals of AI: natural language processing (NLP), perception,
knowledge representation, planning, problem solving, and learning

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 Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Basics (2 of 3)
• Consider visiting the library. You could tell a human librarian your interests
and the librarian could ask you some questions and then recommend books
you might like. The Amazon recommendation engine fulfills the same
purpose.
• However, the Amazon recommendation engine doesn’t mimic a human
librarian’s thought process but instead analyzes vast amounts of data about
you and other shoppers to make its recommendations. It provides intelligent
results, but it does not arrive at those results the same way a human would.

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 Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Basics (3 of 3)
• Major developments contributing to functional AI systems:
– Artificial Neural Networks
– Big Data
– Cloud computing
– Advances in machine learning

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 What has enabled us to deploy effective AI
systems

Expert systems, computer programs that mimic the experience of human
experts such as doctors or lawyers, were among the first attempts at
producing AI. Rules-based systems, software that asks questions and
responds based on preprogrammed algorithms, were the first expert systems
designed. These systems asked questions (“Do you have a fever?”) and
initiated other questions or actions based on the answers (“How long have
you had a fever?”) and worked adequately for some settings.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are designed based on the structure of
the human brain, which is a network of loosely connected neurons. When
signals are received by a neuron, it fires an electrical impulse and the signal
travels to all the neurons connected to it. In ANNs, digital signals take the
place of biological signals. Many modern ANNs feature different layers of
neurons that allow many degrees of complexity. ANNs have allowed
researchers to tackle complex problems such as speech recognition.

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 What has enabled us to deploy effective AI
systems
•
Machine learning (ML) is a type of AI that doesn’t need to be specifically
programmed. Instead, it analyzes patterns in data, then uses the patterns to
draw conclusions and adjust the actions of the AI system accordingly. By
learning, the AI system can adapt itself and become constantly better at its
task. You have interacted with these kinds of systems if you use Alexa, the
Amazon voice recognition device. Alexa gathers input from human speech and
uses this information to become better at understanding language over time.
•
Deep learning (DL) is a subset of the ML field that describes systems capable
of learning from mistakes, just as humans do. DL algorithms can learn from
data that is not labeled as “correct” or “incorrect.” The algorithm adapts to
improve its final result without being presented with a huge, labeled set of
training data. This is known as unsupervised learning.

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 Areas of AI - 1
•
Natural language processing (NLP): NLP works to develop AI systems that
understand written and spoken words and can interact with humans using language.
•
Perception: AI systems have senses just as we do. AI systems use sonar,
accelerometers, infrared, magnetic, and other electronic sensors to gather data.
Being able to combine all the data from sensors and then construct information
from it is a difficult challenge.
•
Knowledge representation: Knowledge representation involves encoding
information about the world into formats that the AI system can understand.
Humans possess a vast collection of general knowledge based on their experiences
in the world. AI systems need to build knowledge bases to solve problems.
Developing a knowledge base and using it efficiently are active areas of research
and have been demonstrated effectively by IBM’s artificial intelligence computer
Watson.
•
Planning: AI systems need to set goals and then achieve them. An AI system might
need to plan how to move a blue block out of the way to reach a red one or how to
rotate a block as it moves to fit through a narrow opening.

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 Areas of AI - 2

Problem solving: Humans tend to make intuitive judgments when solving a
problem rather than perform a step-by-step analysis. AI programming
combines a rules-based approach, along with trying to make judgments with
incomplete information.


Learning: Like humans: AI algorithms adapt and learn through experience.
Supervised learning is used when the system can be trained with a huge
number of examples. Unsupervised learning is when a system can look at data
and build rules on its own to decide what it is seeing.

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 Working with Artificial Intelligence and Other
Information Technologies
Technology and Career Opportunities (1 of 6)
• Retail

– Data mining

▪Process of searching huge

amounts of data for patterns

▪ Respond to consumer
buying/usage patterns
– Recommendation engines

▪are AI systems that help

people discover things they
may like but are unlikely to
discover on their own.
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 Working with Artificial Intelligence and Other
Information Technologies
Technology and Career Opportunities (2 of 6)
• Banking and Personal Finance

– Uses AI to help spot fraud

• Transportation Industries

– Autopilots on commercial airplanes

– Autonomous vehicles

– Robots and Embodied Agents

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 Working with Artificial Intelligence and
Other Information Technologies
Technology and Career Opportunities (3 of 6)
• Education
– Intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) assist students with their
individualized learning plans (ILPs)
– Speed up the grading
process
– Plagiarism checkers
– Dashboards

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 Working with Artificial Intelligence and Other
Information Technologies
Technology and Career Opportunities (4 of 6)
• Law Enforcement

– Solve crimes

– Search databases

– Computer forensics “”

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 Working with Artificial Intelligence and
Other Information Technologies
Technology and Career Opportunities (5 of 6)
• Medicine
– Help doctors diagnose unfamiliar conditions
– Being integrated into patient information systems
– Used to design and construct prosthetic devices
– Digestible microchips transmit information to the doctor

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 Working with Artificial Intelligence and
Other Information Technologies
Technology and Career Opportunities (6 of 6)
• Psychology

– AutomatMACH "Myed
Conversation CoacH"
▪ a computer system that
generates an on-screen
person that can
conduct a job interview
or appear ready for a
first date.

– Affective computing
▪ is computing that can
recognize and simulate
human emotions

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 Ethical Computing
Defining Ethics

• Ethics — the study of morals and specific moral choices made

• Laws — formal, written standards designed to apply to everyone

• Unethical behavior — not conforming to approved standards

• Amoral behavior — no sense of right and wrong

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Copyright © 2020, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
 Ethical Computing
Personal Ethics
• Determining Your Personal
Ethics
– Describe yourself
– List key principles
– Identify external influences
– Consider why
– Prepare statement of values

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 Ethical Computing
Ethics and Technology (1 of 3)

• Intellectual Property

– Work that is the result of someone’s creativity and knowledge

– Protected by copyrights, patents, and trademarks

• Privacy

– Control and privacy of information will continue to be a fine balancing

act

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 Ethical Computing
Ethics and Technology (2 of 3)

• Social Justice
– Predictive policing to prevent crime
– Military secrets and previously secret documents (WikiLeaks)
• Liability
– 3D printing can lead to quality control issues
• Censorship
– Global differences in website blocking

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 Ethical Computing
Ethics and Technology (3 of 3)

• Social Activism

– Hacktivism is using computers and computer networks in a subversive

way to promote an agenda usually related to causes such as free speech,
human rights, or freedom of information. Essentially, it is using
computer hacking to effect some sort of social change. Ex. ( “Worms Against
Nuclear Killers (WANK))

– Often manifests as Denial of Service (DOA) attacks

• Automated Robotic Machinery

– Self-driving cars

– Choose between sets of bad choices

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