DS 212: Natural resource

management and
Development II

BA- DS (YEAR 2)
By Jeremiah, R.
 Course outline
• Course description
 The course aims at underlining the
importance of proper management of natural
resources for sustainable development. The
courses also analyses the multidimensional
factors that affect the proper and sustainable
utilization of natural resources.
 Course objectives
• The main objective of this course is
 To provide students with knowledge on the
management and role of natural resources in
development and
 Provide an understanding of the impact of
some economic development activities on
natural resources.
 Objectives…
• Therefore the course will specifically meet the
following objectives:
 Understanding the concept of natural resource
conservation and management and the potential
role of natural resources in nation’s development

 The relationship between good governance in

natural resource management and the
sustainable use of natural resources and the
consequences of mismanagement on the
sustainability of natural resources.
 Objectives…
 Understanding of the environmental issues and
factors influencing the conservation of the
natural resources in Tanzania.

 Understanding of the importance of governance

and accountability in managing natural resources
for development.

 Understanding of the global environmental issues

and their impact to the world nation’s
development.
 Course Content

1. Conceptualization of key terms

 Natural resources
 Natural resources management &
conservation
 Governance of natural resources
 Natural resources tenure and property right
2. Natural resources conservation &
management.
 Definition of key terms
 The role of natural resource
 Importance of proper management of natural
resources
 ...
3. Governance of natural resources
 Nature of natural resources governance
 Elements of natural resources governance
 Decentralization in natural resource
management
 Conflicts in natural resource use
4. Approaches to address Natural Resource use
and Management

 State based Natural Resource Management

 Integrated Natural Resource Management
 The Co- management of Natural Resources
 Community Based Natural Resource
Management
4. Planning in Natural resources
 The concept of planning
 Natural Resource Project planning
 Stages of NRPP

5. Sustainable Development
 Course Assessment Mode

• Course Work 40%

• Assignment one 5%
• Test One 10%
• Seminar Presentation 13%
• Quiz 2%
• Test Two 10%
• University Examination 60%
 Definitions and Basic Concepts

• Resources are naturally occurring materials

from biological, geochemical and geophysical
process that can be used by human beings to
create wealth.
• Soil, water, plants, animals, minerals and fossil
fuels such as petroleum and coal are examples
of natural resources which support and
enhance the quality of life.
• Natural resources (NR) provide fundamental
life support, in the form of both consumptive
and public-good services.

• Ecological processes maintain soil

productivity, nutrient recycling, the cleansing
of air and water, and climatic cycles.

• Soils are the foundation of agriculture, which

in turn is the basic building block in the
livelihoods of all people.
• At the genetic level, diversity found in natural
life-forms supports the breeding programs
necessary to protect and improve cultivated
plants and domesticated animals.

• Wild flora and fauna form the basis of

traditional medicine and a significant part of
the modern pharmacological industry.
Natural Resources Conservation &
Management
NR Conservation

 Definition: The protection, preservation,

restoration, and rational use of all resources in
the total environment.
• Natural Resources Management (NRM) refers
to the sustainable utilization of major natural
resources, such as land, water, air, minerals,
forests, fisheries, and wild flora and fauna.

• Together, these resources provide the

ecosystem services that underpin human life.
• The perspective of this subject is that NRM
should contribute to poverty alleviation, and
that natural resources should be used in a
sustainable manner to enhance human
welfare.
• Although , poverty alleviation and sustainable
NRM are generally compatible, difficult
tradeoffs may occur at times.

• Nevertheless the fact remains that without

poverty alleviation, the environment in
developing countries will continue to degrade,
and
• Without better NRM, poverty alleviation will
beundermined.

• Therefore proper NRM comes in as a result of

increasing pressure from both increasing
population and higher levels of per-capita
economic activity.
• It has been projected that, During the period
1990 to 2030 the world’s population is likely
to grow by 3.7 billion.

• In which 90% of this increase will occur in

developing countries.

• Over the next four decades Sub-Saharan

Africa’s population is expected to rise from
500 million to 1.5 billion
• Asia’s from 3.1 billion to 5.1 billion, and Latin
America’s from 450 million to 750 million.

• The distribution of people between rural and

urban areas has important implications for
the types of stress placed on the environment.

• In 1990 most people lived in rural areas, but

by 2030 the urban population will be twice
the size of the rural population.
• Developing country cities, as a group, are
expected to grow by 160 percent over this
period, whereas rural populations will grow by
only 10 percent.
• It is quite clear that the growing population
aspires to a higher standard of living.
• This will often entail an accelerated use of
natural resources, both as inputs to the
economy, and as recipients of waste.
• With increasing human pressure and a
growing need to balance competing demands,
we need innovative ways to manage and use
natural resources.

• Therefore, we need to have a better

understanding of the social, biological and
physical aspects of managing natural
resources for their highest and best uses for
society while maintaining the integrity of
natural systems.
• It is important to note that, there is a link
between NRM, rural poverty, and
environmental degradation.

• NRM contributes to the Environment

through: property rights, incentives, and
empowerment.
 NR tenure and Property rights
• NR tenure is the entitlement of the actors to
the ownership and use of natural resources.

• It provides a framework for obtaining, using

and distributing property rights over the use
of natural resources
• Property right is a right to own, use and
exclusively control a resource. Rights can be in
terms of:
1.Use rights such as access, withdraw or exploit
a resource.
2.Control or decision making wrights such as
rights to management, exclusion and
alienation.
3.Transfer rights.
• Inefficiencies in the utilization of NR often
arise because property rights are not
complete, exclusive, enforced, and
transferable.

• In addition, defined property rights and

opportunities to exploit resources enhances
sustainable use of resources.
• Policy makers should be to:
(a) Clarify property rights where they do not
exist, are obscure, or are in dispute;
(b) Alter property-rights distribution in the
interest of poverty alleviation; and
(c) Enforce property rights that are compatible
with poverty alleviation.
 Incentives
• Inefficiencies in the utilization of NR arise
because private and social prices differ and
markets are incomplete or distorted.

• In addition powerful élites often manipulate

incentives to their advantage.

• The result is lower total welfare, particularly

for the poor.
• Policymakers should:
(a)remove policy-induced distortions that
undermine sound NRM,
(b)complement market signals with taxes/fees
that reflect social opportunity costs, and
(c)regulate the remaining externalities
 Empowerment
• Inefficiencies and inequities in the utilization
of NR arise because information is poor and
costs and benefits are equally distributed.

• As sound management of NR often pays

attention from local community perspective,
especially the rural poor.
• Therefore, individual capacity building,
provision of basic information and training,
building of social capital, and support for
honest and transparent institutions that have
the confidence of the local population is
highly required.
 Natural resource Governance
• "governance" means: the process of decision-
making and the process by which decisions
are implemented (or not implemented).

• Governance can be used in several contexts

such as corporate governance, international
governance, national governance and local
governance.
• An analysis of governance focuses on the
formal and informal actors involved in
decision-making and implementing the
decisions made and the formal and informal
structures that have been set in place to arrive
at and implement the decision.
 ...
• Government is one of the actors in
governance.
• Other actors involved in governance vary
depending on the level of government that is
under discussion.
• In rural areas, for example, other actors may
include influential land lords, associations of
peasant farmers, cooperatives, NGOs,
research institutes, religious leaders, finance
institutions political parties, the military etc.
 ...

• The situation in urban areas is much more

complex.. At the national level, in addition to
the above actors, media, lobbyists,
international donors, multi-national
corporations, etc. may play a role in decision-
making or in influencing the decision-making
process.
• All actors other than government and the
military are grouped together as part of the
"civil society.

• In some countries in addition to the civil

society, organized crime syndicates also
influence decision-making, particularly in
urban areas and at the national level.
• but they are not the only institutions and
actors involved in the process of governance.
• For example, it can involve community
structures, traditional authorities, civil society
and government.

• Also, governance is often taken to mean

management, but we regard management as
only one aspect of governance
• In the context of this subject, we are
concerned with governance of natural
resources on communal land.

• Governance of natural resources concerns

the ownership and control of, access and use
of resources.
• This involves decision making and the exercise
of the powers over others.
• Natural resources governance is considered
one of the key strategies for promoting
sustainable management, equitable decision–
making, efficiency, participatory governance
and equitable sharing of benefits accrued
from exploitation of natural resources at the
local levels.
• It entails the process of transferring some of
the decision-making powers and
responsibilities (fiscal, administrative, legal
and technical) to sub-national institutions at
the provincial, district, city, town and village
levels.
 Governance of natural resources is complex,
because:
 different natural resources co-exist in the
same place and are governed by different
policies and structures;
 the boundaries for governance of different
resources do not match up exactly leading to
overlap of rights, responsibilities and
authority;
 The governance by a structure of a specific
resource (e.g. land) impacts on the
governance of another linked resource (e.g.
trees). This is usually not adequately
recognized so, for example, land reform has
implications for natural resource governance;
 There are many changes that have, and
continue to take place, that affect rights,
responsibilities, authority and the benefits
related to natural resources;

 There is no one structure with authority over

all the others, and so they need to interact
and communicate in order to get things done.
• Plural legal systems (i.e. more than one) are a
reality, and this means that power, authority
and rights derive from different legal and
cultural systems.
 SEVEN ELEMENTS OF NATURAL
RESOURCE GOVERNANCE
1. Institutions and Laws: Who makes and
enforces the rules for using natural resources?
• What are the rules and the penalties for
breaking them?
• Who resolves disputes? Government
ministries; regional water or pollution control
bodies; zone departments and governing
councils; international bodies
• such as the United Nations or World Trade
Organization; industrial organizations.

• Environmental and economic laws, policies,

rules, treaties, and enforcement regimes;
corporate codes of conduct.

• Courts and administrative

2. Participation Rights and Representation
• How can the public influence or contest the
rules over natural resources?
• Who represents those who use or depend on
natural resources when decisions on these
resources are made?
• Freedom of Information; public hearings,
reviews, and comment periods on
environmental plans and actions
• ability to take legal action in court, lodge a
complaint, or demand an administrative
review of a rule or decision.

• Elected legislators, appointed representatives,

NGOs representing local people or other
environmental and stakeholders
3. Authority Level:
• At what level or scale (local, regional, national,
international) does the authority over
resources exist in?

• Visible in: Distribution of official rule making,

budgeting, and investment power at different
levels of government
e.g., district forest office; regional air pollution
control board; national agriculture ministry;
international river basin authority.

4. Accountability and Transparency

• How do those who control and manage
natural resources answer for their decisions,
and to whom?
• How open to scrutiny is the decision
Mechanisms: Elections; public oversight
bodies; performance reviews; opinion polls;
financial audits; corporate boards of directors;
stockholder meetings
• Availability of public records of rules,
decisions, and complaints; corporate
financial statements; public inventories of
pollutant releases from industrial facilities,
power plants, and water treatment facilities
5. Property Rights and Tenure (possession):
• Who owns a natural resource or has the legal
right to control it?

• Visible in: Land titles; water, mineral, fishing,

or other use rights; tribal or traditional,
community-based property rights; logging,
mining, and park recreation concessions.
6. Markets and Financial Flows:
• How do financial practices, economic policies,
and market behavior influence authority over
natural resources?
• Visible in: Private sector investment patterns
and lending practices; government aid and
lending by multilateral development banks;
trade policies and tariffs; corporate business
strategies;
• organized consumer activities such as product
boycotts or preferences; stockholder
initiatives related to company environmental
behavior.
7. Science and Risk:
• How are ecological and social science
incorporated into decisions on natural
resource use to reduce risks to people and
ecosystems and identify new opportunities?

• Mechanisms: Science advisory panels (e.g.,

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change);
natural resource inventories (e.g., Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
– biennial State of World Fisheries and
Aquaculture report); ground- and satellite-
based ecosystem monitoring programs
(e.g., Millennium Ecosystem Assessment);
national censuses and economic tracking;
company health, safety, and environment
reports.
 Decentralized governance for
natural resources

• Decentralized governance of natural

resources (DNRG) concerns the ownership
and control of, access and use of resources.

• This involves decision making and the exercise

of the powers over others.
• DNRG is considered one of the key strategies
for promoting sustainable management,
equitable decision–making, promoting
efficiency, participatory governance and
equitable sharing of benefits accrued from
exploitation of natural resources at the local
levels.
• It entails the process of transferring some of
the decision-making powers and
responsibilities (fiscal, administrative, legal
and technical) to sub-national institutions at
the provincial, district, city, town and village
levels.
• Many countries under UNDP are under going
decentralization processes.

• It is imperative to support and address these

processes that are of crucial importance to
improving the livelihoods of rural populations.
• The Dry lands Development Centre is
supporting this process and is currently
developing a program in collaboration with
UNCDF to assess the needs at country level,
develop tools and methodologies and
approaches for decentralized governance.
• The Dry lands Development Centre recently
commissioned experiences and best practices
on mainstreaming governance of natural
resources in 12 countries in
 Africa,
 Asia
 Latin America and
 the Caribbean
• Dry lands E-forum brought together 78
participants.
• Resulted in two publications a Manual and
Guidelines for Practitioners.
• Experiences and Lessons Learnt and Best
Practices were document in decentralized
governance of natural resources.
 Conflicts over natural resources
• Conflict is a disagreement and differences
within, between or among individuals, groups,
and/or structures that may happen within or
between communities.

• These disagreements become conflicts when

they have shocking effects on the parts
involved.
• Conflicts emanate from poorly managed
changes which are inevitable elements of
individual or societal life.

• The changes can be in form of competition

over certain benefits which each individual,
group or institution feel it deserves or

• When there is an environment where there is

no acceptable modality of moderating or
rationalizing needs or interests.
 Causes of Conflicts over NR
• Concentration of population in one area
resulting on pressure on the use of natural
resources.

• Differences based on the strategies in which

individuals in different groups pursue and the
way they are involved in the system of
resource use.
• For example, strategies by agricultural
societies are different from pastoral societies
or even hunters and gathers.
 Therefore conflict over natural resources rises
when:
 The supply of natural resources is insufficient
over needs.
 Interest of certain actors/groups restrict use
by others ( e.g. Irrigation water Vs water for
animals)
 Changing interests and resource functions
among social groups.
 Resource scarcity as a result of
o Population growth
o Urbanization
o Migration
o Introduction of new systems of resource use
o Environmental degradation
 Market integration and globalization
- Interconnected global economy and increasing
technical and industrial from of exploitation

 Institutional failure (Rules and regulations)

- Rules may exist but they are not sufficiently
enforced.
 Conflict Settlement among NR
users
• Individuals in different groups are
differentiated on the basis of the strategies
they pursue and the way they are involved in
the system of resource use.

• Moreover, within a local context economic

and cultural factors and social status (age, sex,
position in the social hierarchy etc) determine;
1. Interest
2. Options
3. Perceptions

• A symbiotic relationship must be developed

and/or complementary strategies should be
adapted among groups of users within a
given geographical region.
• This will enable all actors/users to benefit
from different complementary uses of both
space and natural resources.

• Therefore, harmony of interests and clear

social agreement are important for the
viability of a functional system of resource
use.
 Approaches to address
resource
utilisation and management
 Integrated Natural Resource
Management

• The term Integrated Natural Resource

Management has been defined as the
responsible and broad-based management of
the land, water, forest, and biological
resources base (including genes)
• These resources are needed to sustain
agricultural productivity and avert
degradation of potential productivity.

• INRM operates on the principle that natural

resources are neither indestructible nor
infinite.
• They can be destroyed or depleted through
agriculture and other land use malpractices.
• They require to be managed in a holistic and
integrated manner, catering for the
complexity of ecosystem and the inter-
relations amongst its various components.

• A central dimension in INRM is the way in

which the natural resources interact within
and among themselves, and how their
management and interaction relates to
people and livelihoods.
• At the centre of INRM are people, their needs,
their livelihoods and their rights, and how
these needs interact with management of the
natural resources.

• Any use of natural resources must, however,

be within the framework of sustainability, and
people need to be involved in their
management and conservation.
• The key elements of INRM and complexity of
interactions within its domain gives an
indication of how broad and important natural
resources are.

• For example, biodiversity represents natural,

uncultivated ecosystems (e.g. forests) while
agricultural biodiversity represents
ecosystems used in agriculture
• The soil supports living entities such as
biological diversity and retains moisture and
minerals for use by living organisms.

• People and livelihoods are at the centre of

INRM components.
• Therefore, INRM is a process that uses holistic
approach for managing natural resource
research and development programmes.
• The INRM describes natural resource
management as a comprehensive and
systemic process involving a number of key
functions which need to be in place or
developed for success of interventions.
• INRM involves technical skills and knowledge
about biophysical processes as well as social
components.

• i.e., negotiation of rules and sanctions, policy

formulation, organization development, land
use planning, conflict and information
management.
 Philosophy of INRM
• Natural resources support human beings to
produce goods and services to meet their
needs.
• These resources include the geophysical
resources of water, soil and its productive
qualities, intermediate and long-term carbon
stocks, biodiversity of the managed
landscapes, and the stability and resilience of
the ecosystem of which agriculture is a part
• Natural resources are not static features but
change with time and space, reflecting
changes in the desires, will and ingenuity of
man.

• they can disappear or become extinct due to

over exploitation; they can cease to be
resources.
• E.g. the mulberry trees in many silk-worm
growing areas lost value as natural resources
with the development of competing synthetic
fibers.
• Natural resources are inter-related to one
another within a defined ecological system.

• Therefore, they need to be managed in an

integrated fashion.

• This has given rise to the concept of

Integrated Natural Resources Management,
which drives home the need to take a holistic
integrated approach in dealing with natural
resources, and
• to be conscious of the interactions among the
constituent components of the resource base.

• Integrated Natural Resource Management

involves the management of the impact of
people on natural resources in a way that is:
• Holistic, including all elements of rural
landscapes;

• Systematic, considering the interactions

between these elements;

• Comprehensive, embracing the range of

values attached to rural landscapes
 Strength of the INRM
• The INRM has the ability to:
 empower relevant stakeholders;
 resolve conflicts of interest among
stakeholders, foster adaptive
 management capacity;
 accommodate complexity by focusing on key
causal element;
 integrate levels of analysis
 merge disciplinary perspectives;
 guide research on component technologies;
and
 generate policy, technological and
institutional options for stakeholders.
 Weaknesses of The INRM
• Although INRM has been heralded as the
approach to addressing resource utilization
and management, adopted by agencies and
communities in developed countries, an
advocated by many international
development donor agencies, it yet to have a
systematic methodology.
• Bellamy and Johnson (2000) argue that the
application of INRM still poses significant
problems even when all of the key elements
are in place.

• These problems are related mainly to the

predispositions of stakeholders, researchers,
and technical experts as well as managers,
farmers, and other end users.
• Because of these problems, many researchers
are attempting to further their understanding
of INRM with peer-reviewed publications as a
measure of their success.
 Co- management of NR

• Co- management (Also called: participatory,

collaborative, joint, mixed, multi-party or
roundtable management)
• a situation in which two or more social actors
negotiate, define and guarantee amongst
themselves a fair sharing of the management
functions, entitlements and responsibilities for
a given territory, area or set of natural
resources
• Partnership arrangement in which the
community of local resource users,
government and other stakeholders and
external agents (NGOs, academic and
research institutions) share the responsibility
and authority of the management of NR
• Through consultations and negations to
develop a formal agreement on their
respective responsibilities and rights on
management, referred to as negotiable
power.
 Fisheries
Government
National
External agents Regional
NGOs Provincial/state
organization Municipal/district
Academic village

Coastal Fisheries
stakeholders stakeholder
Tourism Boat owners
Port Fish traders
Industry Money lenders
Hotels Recreational
Scuba diving fishers
 Co- management can take different forms
Instructive:
There is only partial exchange of information
between government and the local resources
users.
• This type of co- management regime is only
different from centralized management in the
sense that the mechanisms exist for dialogue
with users, but the process itself tends to be
government informing resource users on the
decisions they plan to make.
Consultative
Mechanisms exist for government to consult
with resource users but all decisions are taken
by the government.

Cooperative
This type of co-management is where
government and resource users cooperate
together as equal partners in decision making.
Advisory
Resource users advice the government of the
decisions to be taken and the government
endorses the decisions.

Informative
Government delegates authority for resources
user groups who are responsible for informing
the government of their decisions.
Therefore

Co- management covers various partnership

arrangements and degrees of power sharing
and integration of local (informal, tradition,
customary) and centralized government
management systems.
IMPORTANT
There is no blueprint or model for co-
management but rather a variety of
arrangements from which to choose to suit a
specific context.
 Co- management should be viewed not as a
single strategy to solve all problems of NR
management, but rather as a process of
resource management, nurturing, adjusting
and adapting to changing conditions over
time.
 A health co- management process will change
over time in response to changes in the level
of trust, credibility, legitimacy and success of
the partners and whole co- management
arrangements.
Co- management is therefore adaptive that is,
through a learning process, information is
shared among partners, leading to continues
modifications and improvements in
management.
COMMUNITY BASED NATURAL
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
(CBNRM)
• CBNRM is both a conservation and rural
development strategy involving:
- Community mobilization and organization
- Institutional development
- Comprehensive training
- Enterprise development and;
- Monitoring of the resource base
• CBNRM is the management of natural
resources under a detailed plan developed
and agreed by all concerned stakeholders.

• The approach is community based in that, the

communities managing the resource have;
 Legal rights
 Local institutions and
 Economic incentives

to take substantial responsibility for sustained

use of resources

• Communities are primary implementers

assisted and monitored by technical services.
 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
• SALIENT FEATURES OF STATE/PRIVATE MGT
- Local people were completely left out of the
picture.
- Local knowledge and expertise were left
untapped
- The distant management was inadequate and
inefficient
• In search for sustainable management they
thought local communities as the key.

• The challenge was only how to maximize the

local potential for effective management.

• The outcome was CBNRM

• CBNRM overcame some of the earlier
weaknesses because:

It begins with local communities

It no longer treated local people as recipients
of decisions and/or instructions
Respect them as partners in NRM
CBNRM became so popular among
development agencies and the government
because of its salient features which include:
1. IT IS AN ORGANIC APPROACH
 Capable of learning from experience and
correcting itself.
 Not a perfect method but a learning process
constantly evolving.

2. IT IS RESILIENT
 Can easily adopt to different cultural, social
and political context
3. IT IS AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
 Pursue several development goals
- conservation, poverty reduction etc
 Involve many disciplines
- Forest, sociology, economics, agriculture
 Benefit from rich pool of knowledge
4. IT IS AN EMPOWERING APPROACH

 It enables local people to take their social and

economic destinies on their own
WHO ARE THE BEFICIARIES OF
CBNRM???

FOR WHOM IS IT IMPLEMENTED??

• The answer to these questions may seem to
be very simple
• Local communities must be the primary
beneficiaries.
• However the answer to these is far from
simple..... WHY
• The local community is almost never the sole
stakeholder

• There are number of divergent interests and

stakeholders and they often compete for
more attention
Natural Resource Project Planning
and Management
• Natural Resource Management is clearly a
systematic undertaking with a set of activities
and tasks programmed to contribute to
meeting a desirable outcome.
 The Concept of Planning
• It is often said that, ‘failing to plan is planning
to fail’

• Thus, planning is the key to the success of a

project.
• When we think of planning, we are faced with
multiple definitions, even without including
specific areas of planning - such as
 physical planning,
 economic planning,
 regional planning, etc.
• However, our definition should be in line with
the commonly accepted uses and meanings of
planning
• Thus, ‘planning is the process of preparing a
set of decisions for action in the future
directed at achieving goals by preferable
means’.

• Planning is substantially and in most cases,

also formally and legally a process of
preparing a set of decisions to be approved
and executed by some other organs.
• Planning primarily involves making a set of
decisions for action.
• So planning is execution-oriented
• The actions in planning are taken in the future

• Planning, introduces the elements of

prediction and uncertainty and conditioning
all aspects, problems, and features of
planning.
• Planning is directed at achieving goals.

• The planning process cannot operate unless it

has more or less defined goals to which its
recommendations for action in the future are
directed.

• These goals are achieved by preferable means:

• To plan for natural resource utilization, a
resource inventory must be carried out.

• Resource inventory includes survey and

measurement of vegetation, animal
populations, geography, etc

• The evaluation of resources includes assessing

their condition in relation to potential,
improvement or deterioration, and
sociological aspects
 Project Planning

• As a crucial part of Project Management,

Project Planning relates to the use of
schedules to plan and subsequently report
progress within the project environment
• The key to a successful project is in the
planning.
• Creating a Project Plan is the first thing to do
when undertaking any NRM project.
• Often Project Planning is ignored in favor of
getting on with the work.
• However, many projects fail to realize the
value of a Project Plan in saving time
resources and addressing many
implementation constraints.
• Thus success of a project is based on how well
the project team manages the time and
resources designated for the undertaking
(project).

• A large proportion of projects fail because the

efforts to achieve the desired outcomes are
poorly defined and managed.
• NRPP presents the broad, overarching
strategies, framework and cases providing a
hands-on account of the full project cycle as
related to NRM projects and programmes.

• it puts a community perspective—on new

developments in project design
implementation and assessment.
• NRPP especially for Community based NRM
initiatives considers the holistic context
including human, social, natural, physical and
financial assets and processes that underpin
program and project management strategies.
 Stages of NRPP
• Initiation:
• Project Identification:
• Project Formulation, Preparation and
Feasibility Studies:
• Project Design:
• Project Appraisal:
• Project Implementation:
• Project Monitoring and Supervision:
• Project Evaluation and Review:
 Initiation stage
• The first stage of an NRM project, initiation,
determines the nature and scope of the
development.

• This stage is managed well so that the project

will be successful in meeting the Natural
Resource Management goals of the
community and stakeholders.
• It is important to understand NRM context
and to make sure that all necessary controls
are incorporated into the project design.

• Any deficiencies should be reported and a

timely recommendation should be made to fix
them.
 The initiation stage should include a cohesive
plan that encompasses the following areas;
 Study analyzing the stakeholder needs in
measurable goals;
 Review of the current NRM practices and
operations;
 Conceptual design of the project operations,
its products and services;
 Services, resources, equipment and
contracting requirements including an
assessment of 'long-term desires;
 Financial analysis of the costs and benefits
including a budget;
 Stakeholder analysis, including NRM asset
users, and any conflicts therein;
 Project charter including costs, tasks,
deliverables, and schedule.
 Project Identification
• This stage involves identifying potential
projects from various sources, usually leaders;
technical specialists; proposals to extend
existing programmes; development banks
intended to encourage domestic industries;
project implementing agencies; sector
surveys, etc.
 Project Formulation, Preparation
and Feasibility Studies
• Financial and economic analyses are done
here so that whether or not the project should
be implemented is known early.

• Preparation should be made and planned to

avoid delays and resource wastage.
• The project may be prepared by a purpose-
selected team given sufficient time and
resources and/or a technical assistance
agency.

• A report is then written and presented to the

financier of the project.
 Project Design
• This is where the engineering aspects are
considered.
• The structural details of the project are
examined at this stage.
 Project Appraisal
• This stage enables a re-examination of the
soundness of the Project Plan before the
investment is made or a new plan developed.

• Appraisal is made on the basis of technical,

economic, financial and administrative
considerations.
• After the specialists have assessed that the
project is as good as presented in the
preparation report, they recommend it for
implementation
 Project Implementation
• This is where the actual investment and
operation starts.

• Implementation has three phases—the

investment period, the development period
and full development period.
• Project implementation must be flexible as it
is a process of refinement. A realistic Project
Plan is more likely to be implemented
successfully.
 Project Monitoring and
Supervision:
• This is one of the most important in Project
Cycle Management (PCM).
• It involves checking the activities, personnel
and resources as implementation continues.
• This enables implementers to compare
achievements with the original plan.
• If implementation is not going as per plan
adjustments can be made.
• The project schedule and budget will succeed
only if you are able to spot emerging
problems and promptly correct them;
delegating work to
 Project Evaluation and Review:
• The primary criterion for evaluation is the
extent to which the project objectives are
met.
• Evaluation gives recommendations on
improvement. After evaluation the project
completion review or report (PCR) is written.
 Sustainable development
• Meeting the needs of the current generation
without compromising the possibilities for the
future.
 Origin of the concept of sustainable
development

• Many of the ideas that are now embedded in

the idea of sustainable development have
been around for a long time- from as long ago
as the work of Malthus on population growth
in the late 1700s
• But the concept appears to have emerged
during debates in the early 1970s, following a
range of key publications drawing attention to
man’s over exploitation of resources and the
damage to the environment
Some notable examples include:
1.How to be a Survivor: A plan to save Spaceship
Earth (Erlich, 1971)
2.The Limits to Growth (Meadows et al., 1972)
by the Club of Rome;
3. A Blueprint for Survival ( The ecologist, 1972
Promoting a movement for man to live with
nature and calling for a stable (and
sustainable) society with a diversity of
physical and social environment

4. Only One Earth (Ward and Dubos 1972) for

the UN Conference on the Human
Environment in Stockholm in that year and
5. Small is beautiful (Schumacher, 1973)
The debate was cantered around two standards;
1.Focusing on basic needs with emphasis on
helping the poor;

1.Real development was impossible without

consideration of the environment
Definitions
Whilst earlier literature discussed a wide range
of issues around the emerging concept of
sustainable development, the following
statement from the World Conservation
Strategy (IUCN/WWF/UNEP, 1980) appears to
be the first actual attempt to define
sustainable development.
• For development to be sustainable, it must
take account of;
1.Social and ecological factors
2.Economic factors
3.The living and non-living resource base and
4.The long-term as well as the short- term
advantages and disadvantages of alternative
actions
 However, the World conservation Strategy
was frequently criticised for being concern
mainly with ecological sustainability rather
than sustainable development per se
• The most universally quoted definition is that
produced in 1987 by the World Commission
on Environment and development (WCED)
also known as Brundtland Commission (after
its chairperson Harlem Brundtland, the then
Prime Minister of Norway)
• They define SD as economic and social
development that meets the needs of current
generation without
undermining/compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs
• Therefore, a commitment to meet the needs
of present and future generations has various
implications;
 “Meeting the needs of the present means
satisfying”
1.Economic needs
Including access to an adequate livelihood or
productive assets, economic security and
secure livelihoods
2. Social, cultural and health needs
Including a shelter which is healthy, safe,
affordable and secure, provision of piped
water, drainage, transport, health care,
education and child development, and
protection from environmental hazards etc.
3. Political needs
Including rights to participate in national and
local politics and in decisions regarding
management and development within a
broader framework which ensures respect
for civil and political rights and the
implementation of environmental legislation
• Meeting such needs “without compromising
the ability of the future generations to meet
their own “means
1.Minimizing use or waste of non-renewable
resources
Including minimising the consumption fossil
fuels and substituting with renewable sources
where feasible as well as minimizing the loss
of scarce mineral resources.
2. Sustainable use of renewable resources

Including using fresh water, soils and forests

in ways that ensure natural rate of recharge
3. Keeping within the absorptive capacity of
local and global sinks for wastes.
Including the capacity of rivers to break down
degradable wastes as well as the capacity of
global environmental systems such as
climate, to absorb greenhouse gases.
Therefore
The aim of sustainable development is thus to
optimise the realisation of a society’s many
and different social, environmental and
economic objectives at one and the same
time.
 Preferable, this should be achieved through
an adaptive process of integration and
requires bargains (trade offs) struck amongst
the different interest groups.
• Critical to this process is the recognition that
different perspectives on environment and
development are both inevitable and
legitimate.

• There could be, for example, very different

environmental priorities between aid donors,
recipient governments and the poor of
developing countries.
• Explicit policies are therefore required to
balance different interests and trade offs but
at the same time maintain and enhance our
natural capital and the services it provides for
development.
 The question then arises: Who should make
decisions on trade-offs?

 Widest possible participation

• Participation is crucial not only for the
effectiveness and legitimacy of actions, but
also because of the relative lack of scientific
tools and indicators which can give policy
markers instant answers.
• Developing and using consensus building and
conflict resolution techniques will therefore
be an important element of sustainable
development.
This call for
1.Greater democracy
2.Overhaul of institutional arrangements,
administrative procedures and legislative
frameworks, and
3.Fostering consensus among different strata
and groupings in the society.