GRE

 About the GRE® General Test

 Whether you are planning to go to graduate school,

including business or law — or just exploring your
options — you are taking an important step toward your
future. It is a smart move to show schools your best and
with the GRE® General Test, you can!
 The GRE General Test helps you do your best on test
day. With the GRE General Test, you decide which
scores to send to schools.
 Plus, the GRE General Test is the only admissions test
for graduate and professional school that lets you skip
questions within a section, go back and change answers,
and have control to tackle the questions within a section
you want to answer first.
 The GRE General Test features question types that
closely reflect the kind of thinking you'll do in graduate
and professional school, including business and law.
GRE
 Verbal Reasoning — Measures the ability to analyze and draw
conclusions from discourse, reason from incomplete data,
understand multiple levels of meaning, such as literal, figurative and
author’s intent, summarize text, distinguish major from minor
points, understand the meanings of words, sentences and entire texts,
and understand relationships among words and among concepts.
There is an emphasis on complex verbal reasoning skills.

 Quantitative Reasoning — Measures the ability to understand,

interpret and analyze quantitative information, solve problems using
mathematical models, and apply the basic concepts of arithmetic,
algebra, geometry and data analysis. There is an emphasis on
quantitative reasoning skills.

 Analytical Writing — Measures critical thinking and analytical

writing skills, including the ability to articulate and support complex
ideas with relevant reasons and examples, and examine claims and
accompanying evidence. There is an emphasis on analytical writing
skills.
GRE
 Test Content

 The GRE® General Test is a computer-delivered test that

features question types that closely reflect the kind of
thinking you’ll do — and the skills you need to succeed —
in today's demanding graduate school programs, including
business and law. The test-taker friendly design lets you
skip questions within a section, go back and change
answers and have the flexibility to choose which questions
within a section you want to answer first. Get a look at the
structure of the GRE General Test.

 The GRE General Test measures your verbal reasoning,

quantitative reasoning, critical thinking and analytical
writing skills — skills that have been developed over a
long period of time and are not related to a specific field of
study but are important for all. Here's a look at content
covered in the three test sections: Analytical Writing,
Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning.
GRE
 Analytical Writing
 The Analytical Writing section measures your ability to:
 articulate complex ideas clearly and effectively
 support ideas with relevant reasons and examples
 examine claims and accompanying evidence
 sustain a well-focused, coherent discussion
 control the elements of standard written English
 The Analytical Writing section requires you to provide
focused responses based on the tasks presented, so you can
accurately demonstrate your skill in directly responding to
a task.
GRE
 Verbal Reasoning

 The Verbal Reasoning section measures your

ability to:

 analyze and draw conclusions from discourse;

reason from incomplete data; identify author's
assumptions and/or perspective; understand
multiple levels of meaning, such as literal,
figurative and author's intent

 select important points; distinguish major from

minor or irrelevant points; summarize text;
understand the structure of a text

 understand the meanings of words, sentences

and entire texts; understand relationships
among words and among concepts
GRE
 Quantitative Reasoning
 The Quantitative Reasoning section
measures your ability to:
 understand, interpret and analyze
quantitative information
 solve problems using mathematical
models
 apply basic skills and elementary
concepts of arithmetic, algebra,
geometry and data analysis
 The Quantitative Reasoning section
includes an on-screen calculator.
GRE
 Overview of the Quantitative Reasoning Measure

 The Quantitative Reasoning measure of the GRE ®

General Test assesses your:

 basic mathematical skills

 understanding of elementary mathematical concepts

 ability to reason quantitatively and to model and

solve problems with quantitative methods

 Arithmetic topics include properties and types of

integers, such as divisibility, factorization, prime
numbers, remainders and odd and even integers;
arithmetic operations, exponents and roots; and
concepts such as estimation, percent, ratio, rate,
absolute value, the number line, decimal
representation and sequences of numbers.
  Algebra topics include operations with exponents; factoring and simplifying

GRE algebraic expressions; relations, functions, equations and inequalities; solving

linear and quadratic equations and inequalities; solving simultaneous equations
and inequalities; setting up equations to solve word problems; and coordinate
geometry, including graphs of functions, equations and inequalities, intercepts
and slopes of lines.

 Geometry topics include parallel and perpendicular lines, circles, triangles —

including isosceles, equilateral and 30°-60°-90° triangles — quadrilaterals, other
polygons, congruent and similar figures, three-dimensional figures, area,
perimeter, volume, the Pythagorean theorem and angle measurement in degrees.
The ability to construct proofs is not tested.

 Data analysis topics include basic descriptive statistics, such as mean, median,
mode, range, standard deviation, interquartile range, quartiles and percentiles;
interpretation of data in tables and graphs, such as line graphs, bar graphs, circle
graphs, boxplots, scatterplots and frequency distributions; elementary probability,
such as probabilities of compound events and independent events; conditional
probability; random variables and probability distributions, including normal
distributions; and counting methods, such as combinations, permutations and
Venn diagrams. These topics are typically taught in high school algebra courses
or introductory statistics courses.
GRE
 Quantitative Reasoning Question Types
 The Quantitative Reasoning measure has
four types of questions. Click on the links
below to get a closer look at each, including
sample questions with explanations.
 Quantitative Comparison Questions
 Multiple-choice Questions — Select One An
swer Choice
 Multiple-choice Questions — Select One or
More Answer Choices
 Numeric Entry Questions
GRE® General Test Structure

 The overall testing time for the GRE ® General Test is about three hours and 45 minutes.
There are six sections with a 10-minute break following the third section.

Measure Number of Questions Allotted Time

Analytical Writing
One "Analyze an Issue" task and one
(One section with two separately timed 30 minutes per task
"Analyze an Argument" task
tasks)
Verbal Reasoning
20 questions per section 30 minutes per section
(Two sections)
Quantitative Reasoning
20 questions per section 35 minutes per section
(Two sections)
Unscored¹ Varies Varies
Research² Varies Varies

 An unidentified unscored section that does not count toward your score may be included
and may appear in any order after the Analytical Writing section. Questions in the unscored
section are being tried out either for possible use in future tests or to ensure that scores on
new editions of the test are comparable to scores from earlier editions.
 example

 As we pull bulbs out of the box, we change the odds of what’s left in it. If you’ve got a
good bulb in one hand, that’s one fewer good bulb that might be in the other hand. To solve
this problem, you have 18 good bulbs to choose from (18/20), but even if you’re pulling
them out simultaneously, there are only 17 other good bulbs that might be in your other
hand. So the odds change to 17 out of 19.
 Multiply (18/20) by (17/19) and you get 153 out of 190—a very ugly fraction that is the
correct answer to this tricky little question.
 Example

That’s not an excited 25 in there, it’s 25 factorial. 25! Means

25 x 24 x 23 x 22 x 21 x 20 x 19 x 18 x 17 x 16 x 15 x 14 x 13 x 12 x 11 x 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
If they’d given us 25 as an answer choice, I bet you’d know immediately that it divided evenly into 25!. Same thing if they gave us 24 or 23 or any of the
other smaller numbers listed above. They’re right there in the product, so they could be divided out evenly. The same thing is true about the answer choices
they gave us, if you break them down into smaller products like so:
A) 26 = 13 x 2
B) 28 = 14 x 2
C) 36 = 12 x 3
D) 56 = 7 x 8
E) 58 = 29 x 2
4 of the choices are made out of factors on our list. They’ll all divide evenly into 25!. Only one of them contains factors that aren’t on our list for 25! Answer
choice E contains a 29, which is a prime number bigger than 25. It won’t be found anywhere between 1 and 25 and it can’t be broken down any further than it
is. That makes E the correct choice here.
 Example

If you dealt with this question in an abstract way, it’s a lot to

process. Instead, draw out a few variations of lines that don’t
go through the origin and look for any patterns.
 example

 Since the first couple of answer choices ask about x and y intercepts, take a look at our examples
and look for patterns. In our negative lines, we hit the axes in two positive spots or two negative
spots. On the positive lines, one intercept is in the negative and one is in the positive.
 Answer choices A and B are both ways of saying that the x and y intercepts have the same sign.
If they have the same sign, their slopes are negative. Lines with positive slopes have a positive x-
intercept and a negative y-intercept or vice versa. Both of these choices are correct.
 Answer choice C seems strange at first, but rephrase it a little bit: (a – r) refers to the change in
x. (b-s) refers to the change in y.
 You may have learned to call these—the “run” of the line (a-r) and the “rise” of the line (b-s).
Answer choice C is telling you that if you multiply the rise and run of the line you get a negative.
And that’s the very definition of a negative slope. If you’d like to try it with real numbers, try it
with the coordinates drawn in on the lines above. You’ll find that answer choice C also proves
the line has a negative slope. It’s also correct.

  NATURAL NUMBERS OR COUNTING NUMBERS:


NUMER 


N = { 1,2,3,4,5,………………………}

SYSTEM  1 is the least number and there is no greatest natural

number.
Type of numbers

 2.. WHOLE NUMBERS:

 w = {0,1,,2,3,4,
………………………..}
 Every Natural number is a whole
number N is a subset of W
Test of divisibility

 Test for 3:
 The sum of the digits should be
divisible by 3
 Ex.123,234,345,678,789, etc 111,
222,555,777, etc
Type of Numbers

 3 .. INTEGERS :
 z = { ……. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,
………..}
 The set of natural numbers and their
negatives along with zero form the
set of integers.
 W is a subset of Z
TYPES OF NUMBERS

 4. Rational Numbers:
 Q = { Numbers which can be
expressed in the form of p/q where p
and q are integers and q ≠ 0 are
rational numbers.}
 Ex. 2/3, -4/5 , 0, 22/7 ,-8 , 5 are
some of the examples . Z is a subset
of Q
Type of Numbers

 5. Irrational Numbers:
 Numbers which are not rational are
irrational numbers:
 Ex. , , , etc
TYPES OF NUMBERS

 6. Real Numbers :
 A number system consisting of
Rational and Irrational numbers.
 N⊂W⊂Z⊂Q⊂R
 Types of
Numbers
Numbers are broadly divided into two
categories

Prime numbers and Composite

numbers.
Types of Numbers

 Prime numbers are those having only

two factors.
 Ex: 2 = {1,2 } 3 = {1,3} 5 = {1,5}
etc
 2 is the least prime. 2 is the only even
prime.
Number system

 Composite numbers have at least

three factors.
 Ex: 4 ={ 1,2,4} 6 = { 1,2,3,6}
8 ={ 1,2,4,8} etc
Mutually Prime Numbers /Co Prime Numbers

 1. (2,3) are co-prime numbers. Why?

 2. (5,6) are co-prime numbers. Why?
 3. (8,15) are co-prime numbers
 Why?
Co-Prime Numbers

 Numbers having HCF =1 are

 Called co-prime numbers.
 1). Both 2 and 3 are prime numbers
 => Any two prime numbers are
always Co-prime
Co-Prime Numbers

 2) 5 and 6 are consecutive Positive

integers

 => Any two consecutive Positive

integers are also Co-prime
Co- Prime Numbers

 3) 8 and 15 are both composite

numbers but still they are Co-prime
because their HCF = 1
To find the total number of factors:

 Steps to find the total number of

factors.
 1. Break the number into product of
its prime factors

 2. Express them in index form.

 3. Increase the indices by 1 and

multiply.
To find the total number of factors

 Find the number of factors of :

 1) 54 2) 225 3) 361 4) 676 5)

961 6) 1001
Test of divisibility

 Test for 2:
 The number is even or it ends in zero.
Ex. 122, 230 etc
Test of divisibility

 Test for 4.
 The number formed by the last 2
digits should be divisible by 4
 Why?
 Ex. 1124,22348,10004,etc
Test of divisibility

Test for 5.
The number should end in 5 or 0 ex. 15, 340
, 375 etc
 Test for 6.
Test of Test for 2 and 3
divisibility ex.. 126, 23742 , 222, 444,666, 888 etc
Test of divisibility

Test for 7.
Double the last digit and subtract it from
the preceding numbers to get a single
remainder of either a 0 or a multiple of
7.
ex. 21, 14, 154 ,1001, 2345 etc
Test of divisibility

Test for 8.
The number formed by the last three
digits should be divisible by 8
Ex. 11334568
Test of divisibility

 Test for 9.
 The sum of the digits should be
divisible by 9.
 Ex. 2367, 4581, etc
Test of divisibility
 Test for 11.
 For 3 digit numbers: 121 Rule: The
sum of the outer two digits should be
equal to the middle number
 Ex. 275, 363, 594 etc
 For 4 digit numbers: 1331 Rule: The
difference between the sum of the
alternate digits should be either a zero
or a multiple of 11.
 1001, 2794 etc.
Test of
divisibility
 Test for 13
 65 multiply the last
number by 4 and add to
the preceding number to
get a multiple of 13
 143, 1001 etc
 1. A number divisible by 2 and 5 is
also divisible by ---------
 2. A number divisible by 4 and 5 is
also divisible by ---------
 3. A number divisible by 6 and 8 is
also divisible by ---------

 A number divisible by a series of

numbers is always divisible by the
LCM of these numbers.
 .
LCM

 1st case : both 2 and 5 are prime

numbers.
 The LCM of any two prime numbers
is their PRODUCT
LCM

 2nd case :
Both 4 and 5 are co-prime numbers
The LCM of any two co-prime numbers
is also their PRODUCT
LCM

3rd case :
Both 6 and 8 are composite numbers
and are not co-prime and therefore their
LCM is not their product.
Find LCM of 1) 3,4,5 2) 4,5,6 3)
5,6,7,8 4) 6,7,8,9,10
HCF

 Find HCF of:

 1) 16 and 24 2) 36and 48
 3) 54 and 72 4) 72 and 126
 We can find HCF in 2 methods
 a) factor method b) division
method
LCM & HCF

 The LCM of 8 and 12 = 24

 The HCF of 8 and 12 = 4
 We see that 8 x 12 = 96
 also 24 x 4 = 96
 -- The product of = LCM x HCF
 two numbers
 Note : The HCF must be a factor of the LCM
LCM AND HCF
 The LCM of two numbers is 45 times their
HCF. If the sum of the LCM and the HCF is
1150 and if one of the numbers is 125 find
the other.

 LCM and HCF of Fractions:

 LCM of fractions = LCM of numerators /

HCF of denominators

 HCF of fractions = HCF of numerators /

LCM of denominators