Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

"Ministry of popular power for education"

I.U.P "Santiago Mariño"
Systems Engineering, 2nd semester
Porlamar, Nueva Esparta State

ELEMENTS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PERFECT

Teacher. Cesar Velasquez

Student. Adrian Guerra, 29.864.457
 PRESENT PERFECT:

The present perfect is a verb tense in the English language that tells what will happen or in
the past but still have a relevance in the present. In this sense, it contrasts with the simple past,
which is used to refer to actions that took place in the past but that no longer necessarily have
any validity with the present.
-Example: I have been married for two years.
Some adverbs: (Never, Always, Since, Ever, Just, Yet, For, Already, Still…)
 STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT:

In present perfect the auxiliary verbs are "has" and "have". The first is used for she, he or
it, and the second for I, we, they and you.
1.- Affirmation: Subject + has / have + past participle + C
-Examples: I have cooked something special for you.
He has finished his work.
2.- Negation: Subject + has / have + not + past participle + C
-Examples: She has not bought a new car yet.
We have not played football since we were children.
3.- Question: Have / has + subject + past participle + C +?
-Examples: Have you seen the painting?
Has he been a good boy today?
 USES OF THE PRESENT PERFECT:

The present perfect can be used to refer to different situations. These are some:
1.- It is used for actions that started in the past and have not yet ended in the present.
-Example: “How long has Susan been in Munich?”.
2.- It is used to talk about actions that occurred at different times in the past.
-Example: “We have spoken several times, but we still can't reach an agreement”.
3.- It is used for actions that have not yet occurred, but that we hope will happen. In this
case, it is where the adverbs "yet" and "still" are used the most.
-Example: “The train hasn't arrived yet”.
4.- It is used to describe an experience, which took place at a non-specific time.
-Example: “I have been to Denmark”.
5.- The present perfect is used to talk about actions at different times in the past. The use
of the present perfect in these cases indicates that more actions are possible in the future.
-Example: Our team has played 4 games so far this year.
 PAST PERFECT:

The "past perfect" refers to a time before the recent past. It is used to indicate that one
event occurred before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first,
because the verb tense makes clear the temporal order in which they occurred.
-Example: Max knew Paris because he had visited the city several times.
 STRUCTURE OF THE PAST PERFECT:
The past perfect is used to refer to things that had taken place in the past before something
else happened. It is formed with the past of the verb to have in its auxiliary function (had), plus
the past participle of the main verb.

1.- Affirmation: Subject + had + past participle + C

-Example: She had never eaten sushi.

2.- Negation: Subject + had + not + past participle + C

-Example: We had not visited them for the last year.

3.- Question: Had + subject + past participle + C +?

-Example: Had you cooked something special for me?.
 USES OF THE PRESENT PERFECT:

1.- We use the past perfect to refer to an action or event that began in the past and that is
prior to another action also in the past.
-Example: I had read the book before I saw the movie.

2.- It is used for actions that occurred before a specific time in the past.
-Example: I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am.

3.- Also, as in the present perfect, with some verbs we use the past perfect for situations
that began in the past and continued to a specific point in the past.
-Example: I had been depressed for a long time before I changed jobs.