Relations and Functions

Special Functions

AL 2HN
CCSS:F.IF.2; F.IF.7
CCSS: F.IF.2 & F.IF.7
 USE function notation, EVALUATE
functions for inputs in their domains, and
INTERPRET statements that use function
notation in terms of a context.
F.IF.7
 GRAPH functions expressed symbolically and SHOW key features of
the graph, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more
complicated cases.
 a. GRAPH linear and quadratic functions and SHOW intercepts,
maxima, and minima.
 b. GRAPH square root, cube root, and piecewise-defined functions,
including step functions and absolute value functions.
 c. GRAPH polynomial functions, IDENTIFYING zeros when suitable
factorizations are available, and showing end behavior.
 e. GRAPH exponential and logarithmic functions, SHOWING
intercepts and end behavior, and trigonometric functions, showing
period, midline, and amplitude.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
 What is a function, and how do I determine
if a relationship between two variables is a
function?
 How do the mathematical symbols in a
function determine its graph?
 What is the domain and range of a function
given its graph?
Mathematical Practice
1. Make sense of problems, and persevere in solving them.
2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
3. Construct viable arguments, and critique the reasoning of
others.
4. Model with mathematics.
5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
6. Attend to precision.
7. Look for, and make use of, structure.
8. Look for, and express regularity in, repeated reasoning.
2-1: Graphing Linear Relations
and Functions

Objectives:
• Understand, draw, and determine if a
relation is a function.
• Graph & write linear equations,
determine domain and range.
• Understand and calculate slope.
Relations & Functions

Relation: a set of ordered pairs

Domain: the set of x-coordinates
Range: the set of y-coordinates

When writing the domain and range, do not

repeat values.
Relations and Functions

Given the relation:

{(2, -6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (0,0), (1, -6), (3, 0)}
State the domain:
D: {0,1, 2, 3}
State the range:
R: {-6, 0, 4}
Relations and Functions
• Relations can be written in several
ways: ordered pairs, table, graph, or
mapping.

• We have already seen relations

represented as ordered pairs.
Table

{(3, 4), (7, 2), (0, -1), x y

(-2, 2), (-5, 0), (3, 3)} 3 4
7 2
0 -1
-2 2
-5 0
3 3
Mapping

• Create two ovals with the domain on

the left and the range on the right.
• Elements are not repeated.
• Connect elements of the domain with
the corresponding elements in the
range by drawing an arrow.
Mapping

{(2, -6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (0, 0), (1, -6), (3, 0)}

2
-6
1
4
0
0
3
Functions

• A function is a relation in which the

members of the domain (x-values)
DO NOT repeat.
• So, for every x-value there is only one
y-value that corresponds to it.
• y-values can be repeated.
Functions

• Discrete functions consist of points

that are not connected.
• Continuous functions can be
graphed with a line or smooth
curve and contain an infinite
number of points.
Do the ordered pairs represent a
function?
{(3, 4), (7, 2), (0, -1), (-2, 2), (-5, 0), (3, 3)}
No, 3 is repeated in the domain.

{(4, 1), (5, 2), (8, 2), (9, 8)}

Yes, no x-coordinate is repeated.
Graphs of a Function
Vertical Line Test:
If a vertical line is passed over
the graph and it intersects the
graph in exactly one point, the
graph represents a function.
Does the graph represent a function?
Name the domain and range.
Yes
x D: all reals
R: all reals
y

Yes
x D: all reals
R: y ≥ -6
y
Does the graph represent a function?
Name the domain and range.
No
x D: x ≥ 1/2
R: all reals
y

No
x D: all reals
R: all reals
y
Does the graph represent a function?
Name the domain and range.
Yes
x D: all reals
R: y ≥ -6
y

No
x D: x = 2
R: all reals
y
Function Notation

• When we know that a relation is a

function, the “y” in the equation can
be replaced with f(x).
• f(x) is simply a notation to designate a
function. It is pronounced ‘f’ of ‘x’.
• The ‘f’ names the function, the ‘x’ tells
the variable that is being used.
Value of a Function

Since the equation y = x - 2

represents a function, we can also
write it as f(x) = x - 2.
Find f(4):
f(4) = 4 - 2
f(4) = 2
Value of a Function

If g(s) = 2s + 3, find g(-2).

g(-2) = 2(-2) + 3
=-4 + 3
= -1
g(-2) = -1
Value of a Function

If h(x) = x2 - x + 7, find h(2c).

h(2c) = (2c)2 – (2c) + 7
= 4c2 - 2c + 7
Value of a Function

If f(k) = k2 - 3, find f(a - 1)

f(a - 1)=(a - 1)2 - 3
(Remember FOIL?!)
=(a-1)(a-1) - 3
= a2 - a - a + 1 - 3
= a2 - 2a - 2
Special Functions

Algebra 2HN
Objectives
 Identify and graph special functions
– Direct variation
– Constant
– Identity
– Absolute Value
– Greatest Integer
 Application
 During a thunderstorm, Kelly
recorded how long it was
between seeing the lightning and
hearing the thunder. The
distance d in kilometers between
Kelly and the lightning can be
estimated by d=1/3 s, where s is
the number of seconds between
seeing the lightning and hearing
the thunder.
Direct Variation
Time (sec)
2 4 6 8 12

Distance(km)
0.6 1.3 2.0 2.6 4

 From the equation written in slope-intercept form,

you find that the slope is 1/3 and the y-intercept is 0.
Whenever a linear function in the form of y = mx + b
has b = 0 and m ≠ 0, the function is called a direct
variation.
Direct Variation
 In this situation, the
distance varies directly as
the number of seconds. In
other words, if you hear the
thunder soon after you see
the lightning, you are fairly
close to the lightning. On
the other hand, if you don’t
hear the thunder for a long Direct variation goes through
time after you see the the origin. A relationship that
lightning, then the lightning can be described by an
is far away.
equation in the form y = kx
where k ≠ 0
 Indirect/Inverse variation
Symbolically, y varies indirectly with
 Indirect variation x when xy = k or y = k/x.
Graphically an indirect variation is a
curve, not a straight line as in the
direct variation. Refer to Figure 2.

We know that because y

varies inversely with x.

You don’t need this for this assignment, but it’s nice to know.
(NTN)
Constant Function
 m=0
 Horizontal line
 f(x) = b
Identity Function
 m = 1; b = 0
 f(x) = x
Absolute Value Function
 f(x) = |x| or y = |x|
 Special shape
 You see that when x is
positive or negative, the
absolute value looks
like a graph of y = x.
When x is negative, the
absolute value function
looks like the graph of y
= -x
Ex. 1: Graph f(x) = |x| + 3 and g(x) = |x + 3| on the
same coordinate plane. Determine the similarities and
differences in the two graphs.
 Find several ordered x |x| + 3
pairs that satisfy each
function. Then graph 0 3
the points.
-1 4

1 4

-2 5

2 5
Ex. 1: Graph f(x) = |x| + 3 and g(x) = |x + 3| on the
same coordinate plane. Determine the similarities and
differences in the two graphs.
 Find several ordered x |x + 3 |
pairs that satisfy each
function. Then graph 0 3
the points. 1 4
-1 2
2 5
-2 1
-3 0
Ex. 1: Graph f(x) = |x| + 3 and g(x) = |x + 3| on the
same coordinate plane. Determine the similarities and
differences in the two graphs.
 Graph the points and
connect them. Both
graphs have the same
shape and form
congruent angles, but
have their vertices at
different points.
Step Functions
 Step function are also
related to linear functions.
The open circle means that
the point is not included in
that part of the graph.
Greatest Integer Function
 One type of step function is
the greatest integer function.
The symbol [x] means the
greatest integer not greater
than x. For example, [6.2]
is 6 and
[-1.8] is -2, because
-1 > -1.8. The greatest
integer function is given by
f(x) = [x]. Its graph looks
like this.
 Example 2: The Speedy-Fast
Parcel Service charges for x [x] f(x)
delivering packages by the weight
of the package. If the package 0.1 0 2.00
weighs less than 1 pound, the cost
of delivery is $2. If the package 0.5 0 2.00
weighs at least 1 pound, but less
than 2 pounds, the cost is $3.50. 0.7 0 2.00
For each additional pound, the
cost of delivery increases $1.50. 1.0 1 3.50
Graph the function that describes
this relationship.
 This is an example of an 1.4 1 3.50
application of the greatest integer 1.9 1 3.50
function. The equation that
describes this function is
f(x) = 1.50[x] + 2
2.4 2 5.00
2.7 2 5.00
3.1 3 6.50
3.7 3 6.50
 x [x] f(x)
0.1 0 2.00
Graph the function
0.5 0 2.00
0.7 0 2.00
1.0 1 3.50
1.4 1 3.50
1.9 1 3.50
2.4 2 5.00
2.7 2 5.00
3.1 3 6.50
3.7 3 6.50