Tables of Thermodynamic Properties: Steam Tables

• The most widely used tables of • In addition to pressure and

thermodynamic properties are Steam temperature, these tables usually
Tables. They represent extensive include other related values such as
collection of data for vapour and specific enthalpy (h), entropy (s),
liquid water. Steam Tables are internal energy (u) and volume (v).
essential to steam users in industry.  The data found in a saturated steam
 Steam Tables are usually of two table always refer to steam at a
forms: saturated steam tables and particular saturation point, also known
supersaturated steam tables. as the boiling point. This is the point
(A) Saturated Steam Tables where water (liquid) and steam (gas)
• A saturated steam table is an can coexist at the same temperature
indispensable tool for any engineer and pressure.
working with steam. It is used to  Because water can be either liquid or
determine saturated steam gas at its saturation point, two sets of
temperature from steam pressure, or data are required:
the opposite; pressure from  Data for saturated water (liquid),
saturated steam temperature. which is typically marked with an ‘f’
 in subscript, and  Heating processes using steam generally
 Data for saturated steam (gas), which is use the latent heat of evaporation (h fg)
typically marked using a ‘g’ in subscript. to heat the product.
• As seen in the table, this latent heat of
Legend evaporation is greater at lower pressures.
o P= Pressure of the steam/water As saturated steam pressure rises, the
o T= Saturation point of steam/water latent heat of evaporation gradually
(boiling point) decreases until it reaches 0 at
supercritical pressure, i.e. 22.06 MPa
• vf =specific volume of saturated water
(liquid)
Formats of Saturated steam Tables
• vg = specific volume of saturated steam
 Since saturated steam pressure and
(gas)
saturated steam temperature are directly
• hf = specific enthalpy of saturated water related to one another, saturated steam
(energy required to heat water from 0°C tables are generally available in two
to the boiling point) different formats:
• hfg = latent heat of evaporation (energy
required to transform saturated water into (i) Pressure Based and
dry saturated steam)
(ii) Temperature Based
• hg = specific enthalpy of saturated steam
(total energy required to generate steam
from water at 0°C Both types contain the same data that is
simply sorted differently.
• The first table represents saturated  The saturation table for steam extends
water and steam data by temperature. from the triple point pressure of
In other words, the set of tables is 0.006112 bar to the critical pressure of
used when temperature is the 221.2 bar
determining factor (B) Superheated Steam Tables
• Superheated steam is steam at a
• The second category of tables temperature higher than its
represents saturated water and steam vaporization point at the absolute
data by pressure. In other words, the pressure where the temperature is
set of tables is used when pressure is measured.
the determining factor.
Difference between saturated steam and
 The steam tables only give the superheated steam
difference between the internal
Saturated steam is steam that is in
energy, enthalpy or entropy at any
equilibrium with heated water at the same
state and the value of the respective
property at a reference state.
pressure i.e. it has not been heated above
the boiling point for its pressure while
• For steam tables, the liquid at the
superheated steam is the seam that has
triple point is chosen as the datum
been separated from the water droplets
state.
then additional heat has been added.
• At triple point, t°C= 0 and
Psat = 0.006112 bar
• Values related to superheated steam
 Working fluid: Steam
cannot be obtained through a regular
saturated steam table, but rather  Quality (x) = 0.90 and
require the use of a Superheated  Pressure = 4.0 bar
Steam Table. • FIND
• This is because the temperature of Specific internal energy, ủ
superheated steam, unlike saturated • ANALYSIS
steam ,can vary considerably for the
same pressure. The 90% quality indicates that the fluid
is in the wet vapour region, hence
. . . .

Example 1 u  u f  x (u g  u f )
Use the steam tables to determine the
at P = 4.0 bar
following: The saturated steam table is consulted
(a) the specific internal energy of steam to obtain ủf and ủg at P = 4.0 bar.
with 90% quality at a pressure of 4.0 ủf = 603 kJ/kg;
. . ủg =2552
. kJ/kg
.
bar u  u f  x (u g  u f )
Hence,
(b) The dryness fraction o steam at 1 bar  603  0.90(2552  603)
with a specific enthalpy of h 2340  603  0.90 (1949)
kJ/kg
Solution  603  1754.1
(c)  2357.1 kJ / kg
(b) • It is important to mote that when
KNOWN referring to the tables to find the
 Working fluid: Steam at P = 1 bar specific properties, very often the
value of the property which is being
 h = 2340 kJ/kg
looking for lies between the
FIND tabulated values.
x = dryness fraction of steam • In such cases, interpolation is
ANALYSIS required to obtain the correct value
By requesting for the dryness fraction or
quality means that the fluid is in the wet • Linear Interpolation formula
vapour region so that
Assuming the two sets of points
h  h f  x (hg  h f ) between which we want to find the
estimate are represented in the formula
h  h f  x h fg
as follows:
h  hf (x1, y1)
x
h fg (x2, y2)
Reference to the saturated steam tables If the coordinates of the point we are
indicates that the value of P = 1 bar is interested in are given as
not included in the table.
(x, y)
The linear interpolation formula is:
 y  y1 x0 = 1.0 bar
y  y1  2 ( x  x1 )
x2  x1 X1 = 0.950 bar
x2 = 1.100 bar
y2  y1
y ( x  x1 )  y1
x2  x1 y2  y1
Using y0  ( x0  x1 )  y1
• From the steam tables, x2  x1

P hf hfg hg (428  411)(1.0  0.950)

y0   411
0.950 411 2262 2673 1.100  0.950
1.000 ? ? ? 17(0.05)
  411
1.100 428 2251 2679 0.15
 5.667  411
• To find hf at P = 1.0 bar
 416.67  417 kJ / kg
Let
hf (1.0 bar) = y0 Therefore at P = 1 bar, hf = 417 kJ/kg
hf (0.950 bar) = y1=411 To find hfg at P = 1.0 bar
hf (1.100 bar) = y2= 428 Using y2  y1
y0  ( x0  x1 )  y1
x2  x1